4th Annual Chena Renewable Energy Fair

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energy, contributes to peak load shaving, and provides cool, dehumidified air to help condition the surrounding space in summer, spring, and fall. Contact information: Phillip D. Fairchild, 865-574-2020, fairchildpd@ornl.gov http://www.ornl.gov/sci/btc/apps/appl_randd.htm Demonstration Potential: 1 The demonstration potential for this technology was ranked low based on the general acceptance of heat pump water heaters and the fact that a large number of field demonstrations have already been conducted. Advanced Cooling Technologies Today’s air conditioning is primarily based on the direct expansion or refrigeration process, which was invented by Willis Carrier more than 100 years ago. It is now so prevalent and entrenched in many societies that it is considered a necessity for maintaining efficient working and living environments. Direct expansion air conditioning has also had 100+ years to be optimized for cost and thermodynamic efficiency, both of which are nearing their practical limits. However, the positive impact of improved comfort and productivity does not come without consequences. Each year, air conditioning uses approximately four out of 41 quads of source energy for electricity production in the United States alone, which results in the release of about 380 million metric tons of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. Opportunity #1 – Desiccant-Based Indirect Evaporative Cooling System (DEVap) NREL has developed the novel concept of a desiccant-enhanced evaporative air conditioner (DEVap) with the objective of combining the benefits of liquid desiccant and evaporative cooling technologies into an innovative “cooling core.” Liquid desiccant technologies have extraordinary dehumidification potential, but require an efficient cooling sink. Today’s advanced indirect evaporative coolers provide powerful and efficient cooling sinks, but are fundamentally limited by the moisture content in the air. Alone, these coolers can achieve temperatures that approach the dew point of the ambient air without adding humidity; however, they cannot dehumidify. Use of stand-alone indirect evaporative coolers is thus relegated to arid or semiarid geographical areas. Simply combining desiccant-based dehumidification and indirect evaporative cooling technologies is feasible, but has not shown promise because the equipment is too large and complex. Attempts have been made to apply liquid desiccant cooling to an indirect evaporative cooler core, but no viable design has been introduced to the market. DEVap attempts to clear this hurdle and combine, in a single cooling core, evaporative and desiccant cooling. DEVap’s crucial advantage is the intimate thermal contact between the dehumidification and the cooling heat sink, which makes dehumidification many times more potent. 163

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