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• Complete disassociation of inorganic materials, resulting in lower volume of residual material • Purer syngas product (dioxins, furans, tars destroyed at high temperatures) • Vitrified slag residual material. While still 20% by weight, the material is better accepted as a non-hazardous material for use as a rock substitute in construction applications. The potential of the technology has been limited, due to the high consumption of power necessary to produce the plasma arc. This power demand contributed to a high parasitic load and low excess electricity available for export to the grid. Recent innovation in plasma arc technology has lowered the parasitic demand of the system from 500 kWh needed to process 1 ton of MSW, to 200 kWh to process the same material (Young 2010). This improvement makes plasma arc gasification the most efficient method for converting waste material to energy, with the 75 TPD demonstration project in Ottawa, Canada claiming efficiency of 1 MWh per ton of MSW processed (PlascoEnergy Group 2010). With the increased electrical output, the advantages noted above are also offered, facilitating easier conversion to liquid fuels and marketing of byproducts. Plasma Arc Projects The improvement in plasma arc efficiency is reflected in the percentage of WTE projects proposed which will use this technology. From the project list of Appendix A (Sjrecycles 2010), six projects have designated a particular technology; four of these have selected plasma arc gasification. Of the previously mentioned planned or active DOD installation projects, only the Hurlburt Field project uses plasma arc gasification. It is also the only project in operation, and therefore the only source for WTE information. The current opinion of the project is that it is not currently economical, due to operating a 25-TPD reactor on 5 TPD of fuel, but will be economically viable once full capacity is reached (Diltz 2010). Hydrothermal Gasification The use of supercritical (pressurized, high temperature) water to gasify waste has been proposed for the Ellsworth Air Force Base WTE project. The minimum projection of 180-kilowatt electrical (kWe) production from 5 TPD MSW feedstock (Johnson 2010) equates to 864 kWh per ton of MSW, which is near the top of the current range of efficiency. While this yield has yet to be proven, the evolution of this gasification method will certainly be worth tracking. Hybrid Approach Combining technologies within one system has shown potential to improve the performance of WTE systems. The concept of the TGER (described previously), utilizes parallel thermal and biological conversion processes in an attempt to produce both syngas and ethanol for use at FOBs. NREL has recently begun working with a potential partner developing a 3-TPD WTE system that will use a phased approach. Conventional gasification will be used in the initial phase, followed by plasma arc gasification of feedstock to provide the benefits of plasma arc conversion 127PDF Image | 4th Annual Chena Renewable Energy Fair
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