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Sensors 2021, 21, 3822 4 of 32 3. 4. 5. A proof of concept was implemented on the Hyperledger Fabric blockchain platform and the developed algorithms were encoded as smart contracts. Experiments were designed and executed in order to performance test the implementation based on transaction throughput and transaction latency metrics. The limitations of the study, proposed solutions and future avenues for investigation were identified. Based on the experiments and analysis, NFT and FT implementations were critically compared in terms of design, performance and limitations. The remainder of the work has the following structure: Section 2 presents an overview of the system, describing the design rationale, the system participants and tokens and the relations between them. In Section 3, we delve deeper into the design and implementa- tion of the tokenized energy assets, describe the design requirements and address those requirements by presenting methods and algorithms that will take the token through the lifecycle for both NFT and FT versions. Section 4 describes the experimental infrastructure and presents the execution details of our experiments and the results obtained, as well as a comparative analysis of NFT and FT based on performance and limitations. In Section 5 we present the contributions of our work in the context of related works. Section 6 presents the salient conclusions from this study. 2. System Overview The blockchain network consists of three organizations- the Transaction Platform, the Power Company and the Storage Provider. Each organization can have several client identities. A client identity is used by a registered user of the organization in order to identify themselves and access the network resources. The identity determines a user’s access within the system. System Participants and Tokens Prosumers who want to sell their excess energy or buy energy from other prosumers, as well as EV owners who want to charge their batteries can be registered users of the Transaction Platform organization. As members of the network, prosumers can earn reward tokens for participating in demand response tasks, while EV owners can earn reward tokens for renting out their batteries as temporary storage devices. Moreover, prosumers can also use the Transaction Platform to access the Storage Provider and store or withdraw their excess stored energy. Power Companies can directly enlist customers in their demand response efforts by offering reward tokens. Incentivization tokens can be offered to the prosumers for accom- plishing tasks such as estimating their own consumption accurately in advance. Presenting tasks such as not running the air conditioner on a hot day in a gamified context can increase engagement and be rewarded by Gamification tokens. Representatives of power companies can create and offer Incentivization and Gamification tokens, with associated penalties for reneging, for the prosumers to bid on. We consider bidding upon a token as registering binding interest in the token without negotiating the price or value. If the Power Company has access to the energy stored with the Storage Provider, this may further aid their demand response efforts. The Storage Provider organization handles all the complexities and tasks of setting up a community level energy storage and abstracts away the details from the prosumers. The Storage Provider can be a separate business or can be owned by the Power Company. Pilot studies on the use of community level batteries for peak shaving are currently un- derway and in this case, often the community battery is also owned and operated by the Power Company [31]. In this system we consider, six different types of tokens in the system in order to fulfil six different functionalities. 1. EUnit energy tokens for transacting renewable energy between prosumersPDF Image | Blockchain Based Transaction System with NFT
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