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Energies 2021, 14, 6805 58 of 72 conversion of LiCl to LiOH, followed either by concentration to give LiOH·H2O, or direct carbonation of the LiOH using carbon dioxide (CO2) to give Li2CO3 [130]. It is apparent that many of the processes investigated as part of state and federal spon- sored research studies (described above) were incorporated in the design of a commercial- scale lithium extraction and recovery facility that was to be located at the EnergySource Hudson Ranch power plant [314,319]. According to planning documents submitted to Cal- ifornia state agencies, post-flash brines were to be piped from the power plant to adjacent facilities for silica and iron removal, lithium extraction, lithium purification, and lithium product production [314]. Silica and iron were to be removed and lithium extraction was to be accomplished with one of the proprietary lithium extraction media discussed above [314]. The product of the lithium extraction process, a lithium chloride stream, was to be transported via pipeline to the lithium purification process area, where impurities were to be removed from the lithium chloride product stream, but specific impurities removed and processes to be used were not specified in public documents [314]. The purified lithium chloride was to be concentrated in an evaporator or equivalent process and then to be converted to lithium carbonate solids or lithium hydroxide crystals in the lithium product production facility [314]. The lithium carbonate solids and lithium hydroxide crystals were to be transported, apparently as a slurry, to a lithium product handling, production and warehouse building [314]. The lithium carbonate was to be dewatered on a belt filter and the resulting filter cake was to be washed multiple times with hot condensate water and then dewatered, washed again, and fed to a dryer. The lithium carbonate product was then to be cooled and size classified [314]. The lithium hydroxide (LiOH·H2O) crys- tals were to be separated from the lithium-rich process fluid in a filtration system, dried, and cooled [314]. The dried lithium products were to be packaged, palletized, staged, bagged, and loaded into trucks for distribution [314]. However, this facility was never completed and Simbol only operated as a commercial business for a short period of time after completing the pilot studies [321,322]. In addition to lithium recovery, the Simbol facility planned on recovering other po- tentially valuable materials from geothermal brines (Figure 23) [314,319,327]. Recovered iron-silicate was considered for use as a concrete additive and other purposes and approx- imate annual iron-silicate production rates were estimated to be 64,800 metric tons for a commercial facility [129,130,161,314]. Existing technology was proposed to synthesize hydrochloric (HCl) gas from hydrogen gas (H2) and chlorine gas (Cl2) that was produced during the conversion of lithium chloride to lithium products. The HCl gas would be dissolved in water to produce an approximately 31% HCl product that could be sold or used on site [314]. The lithium-depleted brine from the extraction process would be treated to recover zinc chloride (ZnCl2), which would be purified or converted to zinc sulfate (ZnSO4) for sale to off-site customers [314]. After zinc removal, the resulting brine would be further processed to produce an estimated 4250 metric tons of lead sulfide (PbS) wet cake, which was also slated to be sold [314]. Following lead removal, manganese would be recovered as mixed manganese oxides and hydroxides by precipitation, followed by dewatering on a filter press to produce a wet cake for an off-site market [314]. To our knowledge, the proposed resource recovery processes were not implemented and products were not sold to off-site customers. Simbol ceased commercial operations in the Salton Sea KGRA in approximately 2016 [322]; however, people associated with Simbol continue to produce intellectual prop- erty related to the extraction, recovery, and purification of lithium (Table 7). 4.6. EnergySource: Integrated System for Lithium Recovery and Purification EnergySource has continued developing their own lithium resources under a project referred to as ATLiS [40]. Project ATLiS is a initiative by EnergySource to build and operate a new facility to extract and produce commercial quantities of battery-specification lithium products utilizing geothermal brines from California’s Salton Sea geothermal resource area [40]. The project is slated to produce up to 16,500 metric tons per year of LCE at thePDF Image | Recovery of Lithium from Geothermal Brines
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Product and Development Focus for Infinity Turbine
ORC Waste Heat Turbine and ORC System Build Plans: All turbine plans are $10,000 each. This allows you to build a system and then consider licensing for production after you have completed and tested a unit.Redox Flow Battery Technology: With the advent of the new USA tax credits for producing and selling batteries ($35/kW) we are focussing on a simple flow battery using shipping containers as the modular electrolyte storage units with tax credits up to $140,000 per system. Our main focus is on the salt battery. This battery can be used for both thermal and electrical storage applications. We call it the Cogeneration Battery or Cogen Battery. One project is converting salt (brine) based water conditioners to simultaneously produce power. In addition, there are many opportunities to extract Lithium from brine (salt lakes, groundwater, and producer water).Salt water or brine are huge sources for lithium. Most of the worlds lithium is acquired from a brine source. It's even in seawater in a low concentration. Brine is also a byproduct of huge powerplants, which can now use that as an electrolyte and a huge flow battery (which allows storage at the source).We welcome any business and equipment inquiries, as well as licensing our turbines for manufacturing.| CONTACT TEL: 608-238-6001 Email: greg@infinityturbine.com | RSS | AMP |