PDF Publication Title:
Text from PDF Page: 042
Energies 2021, 14, 6805 42 of 72 potential of thermostable membranes to obtain a high lithium separation factor with nearly complete rejection of other monovalent and divalent cations in the brine solution. In summary, while there are many published reports on membrane-based separation processes for lithium extraction, the technology is frequently being tested at the laboratory scale and is focused on pretreatment and the production of cleaner brines, rather than increasing the lithium concentration in the brine. 2.6. Electrochemical Separation Electrodialysis is a membrane separation process that uses an electric field to aid the movement of ions across a semipermeable membrane. Electrodialysis is separate from the process of electrowinning, which is a metal extraction process that, to our knowledge, is not applied to lithium [34,173,245]. Electrodialysis for lithium extraction is dependent on the use of a lithium-selective membrane and has process components, such as anodes and cath- odes, which are similar or analogous to technology in lithium-ion batteries [233,246,247]. Electrodialysis for lithium extraction can be used with SLM and potentially other modi- fications of solvent extraction technology [248,249]. Electrodialysis for lithium extraction can include the coating or construction of anodes or cathodes with metal oxides or other molecular sieve or lithium sorbent materials, which also has parallels with battery applica- tions [243,250–254]. Ball and Boateng [246] used electrodialysis to separate lithium from multivalent cations, with a focus on magnesium. They treated brine containing a range of lithium concentrations (0.03 to 15 g/L) and ratios of magnesium to lithium as high as 60 to 1 using one or more electrodialysis cycles. In some cases, magnesium was also removed by lime precipitation. Membranes composed of styrene divinyl-benzene copolymer on a PVC base were functionalized with strong acidic groups such as sulphonic acid and trimethylamine derivatives. Electrodialysis is carried out at a pH below 7 with mixing. The number of electrodialysis steps needed for purification depends on the permeation selectivity of the membranes, the magnesium to lithium ratio in the feed, and the magnesium to lithium ratio in the concentrate [246]. Itoh et al. [255] proposed an electrodialysis method using a lithium-selective partition composed of TiOx crystals that would allow the selective passage of lithium. The sys- tem was composed of the TiOx partition, a perovskite-type lithium-ion-conducting solid electrolyte, a feed chamber for the lithium-containing brine, and a recovery chamber. A positive charge is applied to the feed side and a negative charge to the recovery side, which is filled with a simple salt or other conducting fluids [255]. Chang et al. [256] proposed combining adsorption and electrodialysis to enrich lithium ions in brine from a level of several ppm to approximately 1.5%. In an initial step, the brine is extracted with an adsorbent, so that the lithium content is increased to approximately 1200–1500 ppm. The lithium is recovered from the sorbent and purified by two stages of electrodialysis in series. Two stages of electrodialysis are required to reach concentrations of 1.5% [256]. Zhongwei and Xuheng [243] proposed using electrodialysis to separate lithium from manganese using an anion-exchange membrane and a cathode coated with an ion-sieve in the brine chamber. Ion-sieves were made of iron phosphate, manganese oxide, or various ratios of lithium, iron, manganese, and phosphate [243]. The electrolyte solutions were common salts. In one case, a composite membrane of MnO2 was used as the ion-sieve cathode in a brine chamber containing lithium and manganese-rich salt lake brine and a graphite electrode was placed in the salt chamber as an anode. In this experiment, a voltage of 1.2 V was applied to the two electrodes at 5 ◦C for 12 h. The lithium-ion concentration in the brine chamber was reduced from 500 mg/L to 286 mg/L, the Mg2+ concentration was largely unchanged at approximately 1800 mg/L, and the MnO2 ion-sieve had a lithium adsorption of 21.4 mg/g and a magnesium adsorption of only 1.8 mg/g [243]. In another case, a lithium iron phosphate ion-sieve was used as the anode in the salt chamber, and the iron phosphate ion-sieve was used as the cathode in the brine chamber. After electrodialysis,PDF Image | Recovery of Lithium from Geothermal Brines
PDF Search Title:
Recovery of Lithium from Geothermal BrinesOriginal File Name Searched:
energies-14-06805-v2.pdfDIY PDF Search: Google It | Yahoo | Bing
Product and Development Focus for Infinity Turbine
ORC Waste Heat Turbine and ORC System Build Plans: All turbine plans are $10,000 each. This allows you to build a system and then consider licensing for production after you have completed and tested a unit.Redox Flow Battery Technology: With the advent of the new USA tax credits for producing and selling batteries ($35/kW) we are focussing on a simple flow battery using shipping containers as the modular electrolyte storage units with tax credits up to $140,000 per system. Our main focus is on the salt battery. This battery can be used for both thermal and electrical storage applications. We call it the Cogeneration Battery or Cogen Battery. One project is converting salt (brine) based water conditioners to simultaneously produce power. In addition, there are many opportunities to extract Lithium from brine (salt lakes, groundwater, and producer water).Salt water or brine are huge sources for lithium. Most of the worlds lithium is acquired from a brine source. It's even in seawater in a low concentration. Brine is also a byproduct of huge powerplants, which can now use that as an electrolyte and a huge flow battery (which allows storage at the source).We welcome any business and equipment inquiries, as well as licensing our turbines for manufacturing.| CONTACT TEL: 608-238-6001 Email: greg@infinityturbine.com | RSS | AMP |