PDF Publication Title:
Text from PDF Page: 039
Energies 2021, 14, 6805 39 of 72 account for transport resistances for the extraction of lithium from dilute synthetic solution and geothermal water. The model is solved numerically and is used to investigate the effect of various extraction conditions and membrane support characteristics. Reasonable agreement is found between the experimental results reported in the literature and the model simulations [228]. Paredes and de San Miguel [229] proposed using a polymer inclusion membrane consisting of cellulose triacetate (CTA) treated with LIX-54-100 and Cyanex 923 to extract lithium from seawater. The membrane-mediated system is reported to selectively transport lithium against its concentration gradient due to a coupled hydrogen ion counter-transport reaction [229]. The membrane was reused up to 10 times before the separation efficiency dropped by 40% [229]. Stability of the liquid membrane is a common problem for SLM [181,199,230]. For example, Zante et al. [199] demonstrated the application of a SLM with high selectivity for separating lithium from sodium. Tests conducted using this synergistic extraction system, consisting of heptafluoro-dimethyloctanedione (HFDOD) and TOPO diluted in dodecane, indicated an extraction efficiency greater than 99% and a separation factor of over 400 for selectivity of lithium over sodium [199]. Experimental parameters that were studied included the initial lithium concentration, the Na/Li ratio, and the HFDOD to TOPO ratio in the SLM. Zante et al. found that high lithium permeation rates can be obtained even for low lithium concentrations and high sodium concentrations [199]. However, the membrane stability was found to be poor and there was significant loss of performances after just one cycle of use [199]. The organic phase leaked out of the SLM and the HFDOD to TOPO ratio was changed as the solvents dissolved into the aqueous phases [199]. Despite these drawbacks, the authors concluded that this SLM system showed promise for the extraction of lithium from solutions such as brines and seawater [199]. Sharma et al. [231] investigated the extraction of lithium from synthetically prepared seawater using D2EHPA and TBP as organic extractants in a hollow-fiber membrane. Synergistic effects were observed between D2EHPA and TBP. The equilibrium constant values for lithium, sodium and potassium ions were found to be 95.4 × 10−5 m3/kmol, 4.6 × 10−5 m3/kmol and 3.69 × 10−5 m3/kmol, respectively. Hollow-fiber SLM experi- ments with low concentrations of lithium, sodium and potassium ions in the feed phase showed a higher flux for lithium ions than experiments conducted with higher concentra- tions of sodium and potassium [231]. Sharma et al. reported that model predictions were in good agreement with the experimental data [231]. Sirkar et al. [232] developed SLM using D2EHPA, anti-2-hydroxy-5-nonylacetophenone oxime (LIX 84), and TOA in a hollow-fiber configuration. Various combinations of these extractants in the SLM were effective for the extraction of copper, chromium, and zinc [232]. These and other results suggest that SLM or solvent systems made with extractants such as D2EHPA may also extract other metals as well as lithium, indicating post-extraction purification may be needed for geothermal lithium extracted using these reagents. Song et al. [230] developed a lithium ion-selective membrane that was used with sol- vent extraction to concentrate lithium from a synthetic solution. They created a nanoporous ion-exchange membrane by blending polyether-sulfone (PES) with sulfonated poly-phenyl- ether ketone (SPPESK) that was utilized as the stabilizing barrier for SLM extraction. Song et al. [230] noted that the ratio between PES and SPPESK influenced membrane performance, and reported that at a PES/SPPESK ratio of 6/4 and a polymer concentration of 30% by weight, the membrane had a lithium-ion flux of 1.67 × 10−8 mol cm−2 s−1 at a lithium-ion feed concentration of 0.13 mol/L [230]. TBP in kerosene was used as the extractant and the membrane was noted for maintaining stability and function even after 50 days of solvent contact [230]. Based on these promising results, Song et al. predicted that the SPPESK/PES membrane for solvent extraction could be developed for lithium mining from brine and seawater in the near future [230].PDF Image | Recovery of Lithium from Geothermal Brines
PDF Search Title:
Recovery of Lithium from Geothermal BrinesOriginal File Name Searched:
energies-14-06805-v2.pdfDIY PDF Search: Google It | Yahoo | Bing
Product and Development Focus for Infinity Turbine
ORC Waste Heat Turbine and ORC System Build Plans: All turbine plans are $10,000 each. This allows you to build a system and then consider licensing for production after you have completed and tested a unit.Redox Flow Battery Technology: With the advent of the new USA tax credits for producing and selling batteries ($35/kW) we are focussing on a simple flow battery using shipping containers as the modular electrolyte storage units with tax credits up to $140,000 per system. Our main focus is on the salt battery. This battery can be used for both thermal and electrical storage applications. We call it the Cogeneration Battery or Cogen Battery. One project is converting salt (brine) based water conditioners to simultaneously produce power. In addition, there are many opportunities to extract Lithium from brine (salt lakes, groundwater, and producer water).Salt water or brine are huge sources for lithium. Most of the worlds lithium is acquired from a brine source. It's even in seawater in a low concentration. Brine is also a byproduct of huge powerplants, which can now use that as an electrolyte and a huge flow battery (which allows storage at the source).We welcome any business and equipment inquiries, as well as licensing our turbines for manufacturing.| CONTACT TEL: 608-238-6001 Email: greg@infinityturbine.com | RSS | AMP |