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Energies 2021, 14, 6805 30 of 72 2.4.1. Crown Ether Crown ethers and aza crown ethers have been shown to have selective reactivity with lithium [181]. Cation extraction by the polydentate structure of crown ether is governed by the structure (steric properties) of the ether and electrostatic interactions between cation and oxygens in the crown ether (Figure 15) [181]. Generally, cations are located in the center of crown ethers if there is a good match between ion radius and crown ether cavity size; however, a sandwich structure may be formed if the cation size is too large for the cavity Energies 2021, 14, x FOR PEER REVIEW 3 size [63,181]. Crown ethers have oxygen atoms that act as a hard base and preferably binds to the lithium ion, which acts as a hard acid as per the Pearson acid–base concept [181]. Figure 15. Structure of alkali cations with crown ether (top) and lithium complexation with crown Figure 15. Structure of alkali cations with crown ether (top) and lithium complexation with c ether (bottom) [181]. Reproduced with permission from Wiley. Swain, B. (2016), Separation and ether (bottom) [181]. Reproduced with permission from Wiley. Swain, B. (2016), Separatio purification of lithium by solvent extraction and supported liquid membrane, analysis of their mech- purification of lithium by solvent extraction and supported liquid membrane, analysis of anism: a review. J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol., 91: 2549–2562. https://doi.org/10.1002/jctb.4976, mechanism: a review. J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol., 91: 2549–2562. https://doi.org/10.1002/jctb. accessed on 1 September 2021. Crown ethers with pendant side arms can form dynamic and three-dimens complexes with extracted cations (Figure 16) [181]. Crown ethers with anionic ioni pendant arms are known to form stronger complexes with cations than their neutral polar) counterparts [181]. Crown ethers with pendant arms form complexes with ca n i z t as shown generally in Figure 16 [181]. For both crown and aza crown ethers, there 2PDF Image | Recovery of Lithium from Geothermal Brines
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Product and Development Focus for Infinity Turbine
ORC Waste Heat Turbine and ORC System Build Plans: All turbine plans are $10,000 each. This allows you to build a system and then consider licensing for production after you have completed and tested a unit.Redox Flow Battery Technology: With the advent of the new USA tax credits for producing and selling batteries ($35/kW) we are focussing on a simple flow battery using shipping containers as the modular electrolyte storage units with tax credits up to $140,000 per system. Our main focus is on the salt battery. This battery can be used for both thermal and electrical storage applications. We call it the Cogeneration Battery or Cogen Battery. One project is converting salt (brine) based water conditioners to simultaneously produce power. In addition, there are many opportunities to extract Lithium from brine (salt lakes, groundwater, and producer water).Salt water or brine are huge sources for lithium. Most of the worlds lithium is acquired from a brine source. It's even in seawater in a low concentration. Brine is also a byproduct of huge powerplants, which can now use that as an electrolyte and a huge flow battery (which allows storage at the source).We welcome any business and equipment inquiries, as well as licensing our turbines for manufacturing.CONTACT TEL: 608-238-6001 Email: greg@infinityturbine.com (Standard Web Page)