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Energies 2021, 14, 6805 28 of 72 during cycling between sorption and stripping processes [80]. TiOx may have some advan- tages over MnOx, including being considered more environmentally friendly [80,101]. Chitrakar et al. [154] investigated the sorption of lithium ions from Salar de Uyuni (Bolivia) lake brine by layered H2TiO3, derived from Li2TiO3. They found H2TiO3 to have high lithium selectivity (Li+ ≫ Na+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+) due to molecular sieving and an adsorptive capacity of 32.6 mg/g at pH 6.5. The sorption followed the Langmuir model, but the kinetics of sorption were slow, requiring a day to attain equilibrium at room temperature [100,154]. TiOx is still being investigated at a fundamental level in the laboratory [80,100,101] and few published studies have examined the efficacy of TiOx in complex brines [80,94]. However, processes using TiOx adsorbents for lithium extraction have been patented (Table 8), at least one company is marketing TiOx sorbents, and TiOx sorbents are being applied commercially for direct extraction of lithium from industrial brines [128,155–157]. For example, PurLucid is working in partnership with MGX Minerals and Eureka Resources to extract lithium from produced water from the Marcellus Shale in Pennsylvania and from produced waters from oil sands in Canada [157]. 2.3.4. Other Metal Oxides Activated alumina, an aluminum oxide (AlOx), has been proposed as a sorbent for lithium extraction from brines [131,132,158–164]. Harrison et al. [163] reacted porous acti- vated alumina with lithium salts to form composite activated aluminum lithium intercalate sorbent materials. Ma et al. [165] proposed using high-alumina fly ash for lithium recovery from brines. Snydacker et al. [166] applied high-throughput density functional theory (DFT) and specific ion interaction theory to predict a number of new lithium metal oxide compounds that seemed best suited for lithium extraction. They used the Open Quantum Materials Database and considered 77 candidate lithium metal oxide compounds that are stable or nearly stable in their lithiated states. Based on this approach, they identified compounds that thermodynamically release lithium while binding hydrogen in acid and that also release hydrogen while binding lithium in brine. They screened compounds to identify ones with selective binding of lithium relative to sodium in brine. As a result of this analysis, Snydaker et al. observed that most of these compounds either bind lithium in both acid and brine solutions or bind hydrogen in both acid and brine solutions [166]. The compounds that bind but do not release lithium are not suitable for lithium-ion exchange; however, nine compounds were identified as potential lithium extractants: LiAlO2, LiCuO2, Li2MnO3, Li4Mn5O12, Li2SnO3, Li4TiO4, Li4Ti5O12, Li7Ti11O24, and Li3VO4. When the pH of the brine is adjusted to 10 to help drive hydrogen release, four additional compounds were found to be promising: Li2TiO3, LiTiO2, Li2FeO3, and Li2Si3O7. Four of the previously mentioned compounds were also identified as having potential for extracting lithium from seawater: Li2MnO3, Li4Mn5O12, Li7Ti11O24, and Li3VO4 [166]. 2.3.5. Other Inorganic Sorbents Other sorbents have also been proposed for lithium extraction from brines. Zeolite can be modified with AlOH and other chemicals to make lithium sorbates [117–119]. Belova [118] tested modified natural zeolites using aluminum hydroxide, hydrochloric hydroxylamine, or urotropin and found only AlOH-modified zeolite showed selectivity with regard to lithium ions. The zeolite modified with hydrochloric hydroxylamine or with urotropin was useful for sorption of boric acid from thermal brines [117,118]. Zeolites were found to be effective at removing potassium from geothermal brines; however, the zeolites had insufficient capacity and the form of potassium recovered was not valuable as fertilizer (potash), so the process was not considered economically viable [129,130]. Wisniewska et al. [119] investigated the possibility of extracting lithium from geother- mal water using natural and synthetic zeolites. They found that lithium sorption was strongly pH dependent (increasing with pH). Treatment with polyacrylic acid (PAA) en-PDF Image | Recovery of Lithium from Geothermal Brines
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Product and Development Focus for Infinity Turbine
ORC Waste Heat Turbine and ORC System Build Plans: All turbine plans are $10,000 each. This allows you to build a system and then consider licensing for production after you have completed and tested a unit.Redox Flow Battery Technology: With the advent of the new USA tax credits for producing and selling batteries ($35/kW) we are focussing on a simple flow battery using shipping containers as the modular electrolyte storage units with tax credits up to $140,000 per system. Our main focus is on the salt battery. This battery can be used for both thermal and electrical storage applications. We call it the Cogeneration Battery or Cogen Battery. One project is converting salt (brine) based water conditioners to simultaneously produce power. In addition, there are many opportunities to extract Lithium from brine (salt lakes, groundwater, and producer water).Salt water or brine are huge sources for lithium. Most of the worlds lithium is acquired from a brine source. It's even in seawater in a low concentration. Brine is also a byproduct of huge powerplants, which can now use that as an electrolyte and a huge flow battery (which allows storage at the source).We welcome any business and equipment inquiries, as well as licensing our turbines for manufacturing.CONTACT TEL: 608-238-6001 Email: greg@infinityturbine.com (Standard Web Page)