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Processes 2019, 7, 248 15 of 16 mechanisms of reactive crystallization of Li2CO3 from Li2SO4 and Na2CO3 solutions and process modeling and optimization by response surface methodology have been studied. Our findings could be applied to the design and control of the reactive crystallization of Li2CO3 in its production from lithium sulfate sources. Author Contributions: Conceptualization, S.Z., J.G. (Jie Gao) and W.T.; Methodology, S.Z. and Y.M.; Software, S.Z. and S.M.; Validation, Y.H., Y.M. and F.Z.; Formal Analysis, W.T., J.G. (Junbo Gong) and B.Z.; Investigation, S.Z. and J.G. (Jie Gao); Resources, J.G. (Jie Gao), C.L. and B.Z.; Data Curation, F.Z. and B.Z; Writing-Original Draft Preparation, S.Z. and J.G. (Jie Gao); Writing-Review & Editing, W.T.; Visualization, S.Z. and Y.H.; Supervision, J.G. (Junbo Gong) and W.T.; Project Administration, W.T., J.G. (Junbo Gong) and C.L.; Funding Acquisition, F.Z. and B.Z. Funding: This research was funded by the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation, the open foundation of the State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering (no. SKL-ChE-18B04) and National Natural Science Foundation of China (nos. NNSFC 21808159 and 91634117). Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no competing financial interest. References 1. Fergus, J.W. Recent Developments in Cathode Materials for Lithium Ion Batteries. J. Power Sources 2010, 195, 939. [CrossRef] 2. Garrett, D.E. Part 1—Lithium. In Handbook of Lithium and Natural Calcium Chloride; Elsevier: Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 2004. 3. Lazarus, J.H.; McGregor, A.M.; Ludgate, M.; Darke, C.; Creagh, F.M.; Kingswood, C.J. Effect of Lithium Carbonate Therapy on Thyroid Immune Status in Manic Depressive Patients: A Prospective Study. J. Affect. Disord. 1986, 11, 155. [CrossRef] 4. Bauer, D.; Diamond, D.; Li, J.; Sandalow, D.; Telleen, P.; Wanner, B. Critical Materials Strategy; U.S. Department of Energy: Washington, DC, USA, 2010. 5. Aguilar, P.G.; Graber, T.A. Determination of the Reaction Kinetic Parameters for Li2CO3 Crystallization from Li2SO4 and Na2CO3 Solutions Using Calorimetric Measurements. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 2018, 57, 4815–4823. [CrossRef] 6. An, J.W.; Kang, D.J.; Tran, K.T.; Kim, M.J.; Lim, T.; Tran, T. Recovery of Lithium from Uyuni Salar Brine. Hydrometallurgy 2012, 117, 64. [CrossRef] 7. Ogawa, Y.; Koibuchi, H.; Suto, K.; Inoue, C. Effects of the Chemical Compositions of Salars de Uyuni and Atacama Brines on Lithium Concentration during Evaporation. Resour. Geol. 2014, 64, 91. [CrossRef] 8. Choubey, P.K.; Kim, M.-S.; Srivastava, R.R.; Lee, J.-C.; Lee, J.-Y. Advance Review on the Exploitation of the Prominent Energy-Storage Element: Lithium. Part I: From Mineral and Brine Resources. Miner. Eng. 2016, 89, 119. [CrossRef] 9. Sun, Y.; Song, X.; Wang, J.; Luo, Y.; Yu, J. Unseeded Supersolubility of Lithium Carbonate: Experimental Measurement and Simulation with Mathematical Models. J. Cryst. Growth 2009, 311, 4714–4719. [CrossRef] 10. Sun, Y.; Song, X.; Wang, J.; Luo, Y.; Yu, J. Determination of seeded supersolubility of lithium carbonate using FBRM. J. Cryst. Growth 2010, 312, 294–300. [CrossRef] 11. Wang, H.Y.; Du, B.Q.; Wang, M. Study of the Solubility, Supersolubility and Metastable Zone Width of Li2CO3 in the LiCI-NaCI-KCI-Na2SO4 System from 293.15 to 353.15 K. J. Chem. Eng. Data 2018, 63, 1429–1434. [CrossRef] 12. Taborga, P.; Brito, I.; Graber, T.A. Effect of additives on size and shape of lithium carbonate crystals. J. Cryst. Growth 2017, 460, 5–12. [CrossRef] 13. Matsumoto, M.; Morita, Y.; Yoshinaga, M.; Hirose, S.; Onoe, K. Reactive Crystallization of Lithium Carbonate Nanoparticles by Microwave Irradiation of Aqueous Solution Containing CO2 Microbubbles. J. Chem. Eng. Jpn. 2009, 42, S242–S248. [CrossRef] 14. Kuldipkumar, A.; Kwon, G.S.; Zhang, G.G.Z. Determining the growth mechanism of tolazamide by induction time measurement. Cryst. Growth Des. 2007, 7, 234–242. [CrossRef] 15. Sohnel, O.; Mullin, J.W. Interpretation of crystallization induction periods. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 1988, 123, 43–50. [CrossRef]PDF Image | Reactive Crystallization Process of Lithium Carbonate
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