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Membranes 2021, 11, 175 17 of 20 Author Contributions: Conceptualization, A.V., T.H. and S.M.; methodology, S.M., D.K. and G.G.; software, D.K. and S.M.; validation, V.V., T.H. and J.S.; formal analysis, S.M.; investigation, D.K., I.E. and S.M.; resources, G.G.; data curation, G.G.; writing—original draft preparation, I.E.; writing— review and editing, T.H., A.V. and J.S.; visualization, D.K., S.M. and G.G.; supervision, V.V. and A.V.; project administration, A.V. and T.H; funding acquisition, V.V., A.V. and T.H. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. Funding: Russian side: This research was funded by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research, Grant No. 20-58-53038. Chinese side: The research was partially funded by National Natural Science Foundation of China, Grant No. 52011530031, and CAS International Collaboration, Grant No. GJHZ2080. Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest. Nomenclature Acronyms AGMD-MC CF CF4-MP-PVDF DCMD ER(Li+) EVAL MD ME MPT PAN PEEK PID PP PTFE PVDF RR Rt SIT Symbols m J Tf J(Tf ) S K Q Qmax V Vcurrent Tc Z(t) Subscripts c f t air–gap membrane distillation with membrane condenser concentration factor CF4 plasma modified micro-pillared PVDF membrane direct contact membrane distillation Li+ extraction rate for the ME process, % ethylene–vinyl alcohol membrane distillation membrane extraction membrane performance threshold, % polyacrylonitrile poly(ether-ether-ketone) proportional–integral–derivative polypropylene poly(tetrafluoroethylene) poly(vinylidene fluoride) recovery ratio, % run time before membrane washing specific ion interaction theory total distilled water flux in the modeled system, g permeate flux (flux of distilled water), kg/m2·h feed temperature, ◦ C polynomial equation that defines the flux of distilled water as a function of the feed temperature, kg/m2·h active surface area, m2 number of membrane modules make-up flow, kg/min maximum make-up flow, kg/min volume, l current volume, l coolant temperature, ◦C nonlinear function describing membrane fouling over time cooling water or coolant feed timePDF Image | Process of Lithium Recovery from Geothermal Brine
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