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sites, and the inability of industry and government to convey the technical aspects and impacts of mining. Interactions The style and depth of interactions varied widely between Lithium Nevada, BLM, and the NDEP with community groups and tribes. The most significant concern for engagement was during the preparation of the EIS, which occurred during the global COVID-19 pandemic. Environmental groups described the interactions as minimal and strongly feel that a pause was necessary given the ongoing public health crisis. According to multiple stakeholders, limited capacity to participate in public forums, and the added challenge of a global pandemic, almost nullified the prospect of meaningful engagement. Interactions with local and regional tribes appear to be especially problematic according to some interviews. Stakeholders noted that the engagement with local and regional tribes was more limited than would be effective, noting three letters submitted to tribes as the scope of engagement witnessed (Aadland 2022). Most environmental stakeholders interviewed believed that tribes were not properly consulted: “if they [BLM] want to do this right, they need in-person engagement over a longer-period.” One environmental stakeholder stated, “do we talk to the 30 or 40 people who are resisting this project, or do we talk to the 60 or more people who have submitted job applications for the mine. There’s no clear answer here.” Several stakeholders noted the comment period was fairly limited at 30 days. One interviewee commented, “it was just ridiculous, having such a short time to review all those documents and then comment on them.” Nevertheless, there is dispute within the community about what should be done and who should be approached to address these issues. Outside the EIS, there were also various levels of community engagement and support based on geography. Some stakeholders noted that Lithium Nevada currently holds regular meetings with the Fort McDermitt Paiute and Shoshone Tribe and the City of Orovada that have changed as community concerns evolved. Larger questions about city infrastructure arose; some communities wanted to minimize industry impact while others sought to benefit from a larger presence of industry. In short, community interest is not monolithic, and outreach appears uneven. Nonetheless, one environmental stakeholder thought it was likely that most of the community would support the mine. The stakeholder also discussed the dynamic of community interests versus the priority of preserving land and wildlife and argued that preserving the land itself is more important than community interests. Cultural Objections There are objections over the use of the project site because of the cultural and historical significance of the area. One such issue revolves around reports of a Native American massacre having occurred at the project site, which is contested (Flin, 2021). The presence of the mine site has been contentious among and within tribes, with varying levels of support or disapproval (Bosler, 2021; Penn et al., 2021). Several stakeholders expressed concern about the site of a massacre, in addition to the cultural significance of the area for local tribes. Ultimately, they believed Thacker Pass should be off limits, noting that, “with cultural sites there’s really no kind of mitigation. You can’t move what’s sacred.” Several tribes are engaged in the process of talking with Lithium Nevada, and others are engaged in a lawsuit over the project. The Reno-Sparks Indian Colony, the Northern Paiute group Atsa Koodakuh wyh Nuwu (the People of Red Mountain), and Winnemucca Colony filed a complaint against the BLM, alleging that the agency violated federal laws when issuing permits to Lithium Nevada. Among the complaints, the tribes allege that the BLM failed to identify historic properties on the Thacker Pass site (Rothberg, 2022; Scheyder, 2021; Turner, 2021). Although tribal considerations are important aspect of the Thacker Pass project, it must be noted that no tribal stakeholders were interviewed as part of this study, despite efforts to set up interviews. Thus, the multitude of voices from different tribes about this historical site and the prospect of mining are not represented here. Additionally, there is another potential cultural site with artifacts from pioneers from the 19th century. An industry stakeholder commented that there was a team conducting a study of the area related to cultural sites, and would follow the required protocols, especially if human remains were found that could include potential remains from the aforementioned massacre. Technical Expertise Another component of community engagement is Potential Lithium Extraction in the United States: Environmental, Economic, and Policy Implications 64 AUGUST 2022PDF Image | Potential Lithium Extraction in the United States
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