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The Prairie Evening-primrose (Oenothera pilosella ssp. sessilis). Photo © Eric Hunt, cropped version used under a Creative Commons license: CC BY-SA 4.0 mining exposes rock that has been unexposed for very long periods of time. When previously unexposed rocks are crushed, they can release toxic materials that contaminate air, soil, and both groundwater and surface waters. Additionally, extraction of lithium from rocks or clays may involve roasting and acid leaching processes (May et al. 1979), which require energy, consume water, and produce waste streams that may negatively impact ecosystems. At some locations, dewatering may be required to successfully mine the extent of the lithium-bearing ore. Pit-dewatering can result in the need to extract substantial quantities of groundwater. In desert areas (e.g., at deposits in California, Nevada, and Arizona), the volume of groundwater extracted may represent a substantial portion of the groundwater budget for a specific area and may be sourced from stored groundwater that resulted from rainfall thousands of years ago. Groundwater pumping can impact multiple aquifers over many miles depending on the depth, rate of pumping, and underlying geology, thus potentially impacting wells, wetlands, and other groundwater- dependent ecosystems over a much larger footprint than Underground mining Underground mining involves large-scale, mechanical movement and removal of vegetation, soils, and bedrock. In this way, it is similar to surface mining, though the visible, above-ground footprint of underground mining may be smaller. Like surface and open pit mining, it can release toxic materials into the air and water. Underground mining may also lead to tunnel collapses and land subsidence (Betournay 2011). There are few underground mine sites with existing lithium claims; these are all in California and unlikely to be mined in the future. State-by-State Analysis of Potential Impacts The complete list of Project Site numbers, names, locations, companies involved, resource types, extraction methods, and presence of existing infrastructure can be viewed in Supplemental Information A. Information on environmental data for all 72 Project Sites, including special status species, can be viewed in Supplemental Information D. Detail about data sources is included in Supplemental Information C. the mined area. Pallid bat (Antrozous pallidus). Used under a Creative Commons license: Attribution 2.0 Generic (CC BY 2.0). Potential Lithium Extraction in the United States: Environmental, Economic, and Policy Implications 17 AUGUST 2022PDF Image | Potential Lithium Extraction in the United States
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Product and Development Focus for Infinity Turbine
ORC Waste Heat Turbine and ORC System Build Plans: All turbine plans are $10,000 each. This allows you to build a system and then consider licensing for production after you have completed and tested a unit.Redox Flow Battery Technology: With the advent of the new USA tax credits for producing and selling batteries ($35/kW) we are focussing on a simple flow battery using shipping containers as the modular electrolyte storage units with tax credits up to $140,000 per system. Our main focus is on the salt battery. This battery can be used for both thermal and electrical storage applications. We call it the Cogeneration Battery or Cogen Battery. One project is converting salt (brine) based water conditioners to simultaneously produce power. In addition, there are many opportunities to extract Lithium from brine (salt lakes, groundwater, and producer water).Salt water or brine are huge sources for lithium. Most of the worlds lithium is acquired from a brine source. It's even in seawater in a low concentration. Brine is also a byproduct of huge powerplants, which can now use that as an electrolyte and a huge flow battery (which allows storage at the source).We welcome any business and equipment inquiries, as well as licensing our turbines for manufacturing.CONTACT TEL: 608-238-6001 Email: greg@infinityturbine.com (Standard Web Page)