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The list of proposed lithium extraction sites was vetted with our broader research team, which includes individuals working within the TNC chapter within each of the nine states who were familiar with the local conditions. The list was amended using the expertise of these individuals, and that of a broader group of natural resource experts in the non-profit, academic, and agency sectors (see Supplemental Information B). We deemed each proposed lithium extraction site as a separate “Project” and provided each Project with a unique identifying name and number. We also gathered the following information for each Project: 1. “Project Location” and “Project Site” – Project Locations were mapped in a geographic information system (GIS) using information available from lithium producers, or via claim data from state geological resource agencies. The Project Location was in most cases the boundary of the administrative mining claim, and therefore includes, but is generally larger than, the area where ground disturbance is planned. Where no polygon of a Project Location was available, we mapped the playa or other lithium- related geological feature using input from experts to capture the potential spatial extent of the Project Location. In addition to the Project Location, we mapped the Project Site, which we defined as a polygon drawn by adding a two-mile buffer zone around each Project Location. While the Project Site is meant to capture the potential spatial extent of impacts of the project beyond the administrative claim, the real impacts of any particular project may be greater or smaller than the mapped Project Site. Because the two-mile buffer is always applied, the Project Site to Project Location ratio is much larger for smaller Project Locations (Figure 3). 2. Companies involved in lithium extraction 3. Resource type (hard rock/clay or brine) 4. Extraction method (direct lithium extraction from brine, evaporative concentration of lithium from brine, surface mining, or underground mining) 5. Presence of existing extraction infrastructure at the Project Site Next, to investigate potential environmental impacts of lithium extraction at each Project Site, we analyzed the overlap between the Project Site and the following GIS layers (see Supplemental Information C for additional details about data sources): Figure 3. Example of a Project Locations vs. a Project Site 1. Agriculture 2. a. Prime Farmland Conservation Value a. Important Bird Area b. State Conservation Value c. TNC Conservation Value d. TNC Resilient and Connected Network (RCN): https://maps.tnc.org/resilientland/ 3. Habitat a. Bald Eagle b. Bat c. Big Game Habitat d. Bighorn Sheep e. Connectivity f. Critical Habitat g. Desert Tortoise h. Golden Eagle i. Grassland Birds j. Grasslands k. Intact Habitat l. Mule Deer m. PrairieDog n. Pronghorn o. Sage Grouse p. Sagebrush q. Vernal Pool r. Wetlands Potential Lithium Extraction in the United States: Environmental, Economic, and Policy Implications 13 AUGUST 2022PDF Image | Potential Lithium Extraction in the United States
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