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Minerals 2021, 11, 1330 20 of 23 number of boron-containing minerals carried by magma and post-stage hydrothermal fluids could have provided a large number of ore-forming materials for brine deposits in the Jiangling depression. 5.3.6. Paleocene Paleoclimate and Paleo-Lake Composition The sedimentary environment of Paleocene salt-bearing strata in the Jiangling depres- sion was dominated by a warm and dry environment, which alternated frequently with a humid environment. Under the paleogeomorphic background of “high mountain and deep basins”, the brine in the lake basin reached sodium chloride saturation through strong evaporation (extremely dry and hot climate events), and halite precipitated. The brines continued to be evaporated to form boron-rich brines, and with the length of salt-forming time, halite layers with different thicknesses formed. The Paleocene–Eocene salt-bearing strata in the Jiangling depression are characterized by mineral deposits such as mudstone, silt or fine sandstone, marl, halite, anhydrous mirabilite, calcium mirabilite, anhydrite, potassic gypsum, potassic salt, and carnallite [3,6], which are mineralogical markers of a hot and dry climate. The long-term subsidence of the Jiangling depression leads to good basin sealing. During the Paleocene, the Jiangling depression was volcanically active, which brought abundant ore-forming materials for brine mineralization into the depression. However, the contents of lithium and potassium in the brine in the Jiangling depression are abnormally high and reach the industrial grade. Water–rock reactions alone could not have made the concentration of ore-forming fluid reach such a high level, which is inseparable from the continuous enrichment of minerals caused by evaporation and concentration in late ancient lakes under extremely dry and hot climate conditions. The formation of boron-rich brines in the Jiangling depression is the coupled result of structural conditions, material conditions, and an arid climate. 6. Conclusions (1) The field evidence shows that Mesozoic and Cenozoic igneous rocks in the Jiangling depression are mainly basalt and granite, and their distribution area is more than half of the basin area. The magma is differentiated to different degrees, which could have provided lithium and potassium for the brine. (2) The static immersion experiment at room temperature shows that saline fluid is more likely to activate K ions in basalt. The weak alkaline solution more easily dissolves K. During the whole experiment, Li was not dissolved, indicating that the concentration of the solution was not the factor affecting the dissolution of lithium, and the main controlling factor was temperature. (3) The experiments of water–rock reaction with high temperature show that the dis- solution rates of Ca, Mg, and Sr decrease with the increase in temperature, while the dissolution rates of K and Li first increase and then decrease with the increase in temperature. The dissolution of K and Li is easier when saline fluid reacts with volcanic rock. The dissolution rate of K in basalt is higher than that of Li, and that of Li in granite is higher than that of K. Compared with the results at normal temperatures, the ability of the fluid to leach elements is significantly enhanced at higher tempera- tures, the temperature is the main factor controlling the ability to leach elements, and the high-salinity fluid is the main migration carrier of ore-forming elements. (4) According to the experiments of water–rock reaction, the mineral composition of the ancient brine in the Jiangling depression during the Paleogene is consistent with that of the brine found today, indicating that the Jiangling depression in the Paleogene was influenced by hot and dry climate. However, these two compositions are different by a few orders of magnitude, indicating that the formation of lithium–potassium-rich brines requires a long period of time. The water–rock reaction is one of the important processes for brine formation, and surface evaporation and concentration are the main mechanisms for brine mineralization.PDF Image | Origin of Lithium Potassium Rich Brines in the Jianghan
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