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Minerals 2021, 11, 1330 2 of 23 China’s external potash dependence has decreased from 75% to 45%, but the consumption has been growing rapidly, from 3.999 million tons in 2000 to 10.19 million tons in 2018, which accounts for approximately 20–25% of the global potash consumption [15]. At present, the potash resource in China is mainly found in the brines of Qaidam, Lop Nur, and other salt lakes in Northwest China. Researchers have predicted that the service life of these resources is about 20 years [16]. China’s existing lithium supply is highly dependent on external resources; 70% of the lithium supply was imported in 2017. The lithium ore in China is dominated by the hard rock-type. Lithium brine-type deposits are mainly distributed in the western plateau area andare greatly restricted by mining conditions and technology due to their high Mg/Li ratios. The world’s large and super-large lithium deposits are mainly brine-type, accounting for 75% of the global lithium production, which is mainly from salt lake lithium-rich brine in South America, the western plateau of North America, and lithium-rich underground hot water in New Zealand [17]. These lithium-rich brines or underground hot water reservoirsall have very low Mg/Li ratios and are easy to extract. The common characteristics of these regions are that they are all located in active tectonic regions with dry climates, making them conducive to material concentration and mineralization. When the Pacific Plate subducted under the Eurasian plate, and the Indian Plate converged and collided with the Eurasian Plate, the two processes were alternately active, resulting in a strong stress release zone in the eastern part of China that has been present since the Jurassic; this has formed a giant rift system in eastern China. The Jianghan Basin is located in this rift system, which has structural conditions that are conducive for the formation of large-scale lithium brine deposits, similar to those found abroad. The research developments regardingthe source and genesis of potassium and lithium in the brine have been introduced in depth. Lowenstein et al. (1989) [18] proposed that some abnormal potassium salts may be formed in nonmarine brine rather than seawater, indicating that their provenance isricher in potassium ions than seawater, and there are abnormal replenishing sources. Holmearda and Hutchinsan (1968) [19] proposed that potassium was formed by rift thermal halogen, as in the case of the Ethiopian salt lake (be- longing to the Red Sea rift system) distributed near Black Mountain and Round Mountain in the middle part of the Danakil Depression, which was formed by some brine pools formed by a thermal halogen spring rising from underground, accompanied by the precipitation of many potassium salts and other salts. The hot brine spring in Black Mountain is composed of high-temperature (up to 130 ◦C) saturated brine with a potassium chloride content of about 2%. In Katwe crater lake, an East African Rift salt lakeon the Uganda border, the area of volcanic rock is mainly basic rock with a high K/Na ratio; more than 50 springs supply the lake; and potassium content of the lake is 2.2–45 g/L, bromine content is 0.5–2.55 g/L, and fluorine content is 0.1–0.5 g/L [20]. Lithium deposits in salt lake brine areassociated with potassium salt and also go through the evaporation enrichment process. Yu et al. (2021) [21] proposed a preliminary model and pointed out that the lithium mineralization of brine is mainly by evaporation and the reaction between hot fluid and aquifer. Godfrey et al. (2013) [2] proposed that climate plays an important influence on lithium enrichment in salt lake brine; that is, the high-altitude drought in the middle Andes leads to rapid enrichment of lithium in brine. Munk et al. (2018) [11] summarized the metallogenic characteristics of 18 lithium brine deposits in the world. Munk and Chamberlain (2011) [22] proposed that the genesis model of lithium-rich brines in Clayton Valley, Nevada, is as follows: (1) lithium comingfrom the leaching of lithium-rich rhyolite; (2) condensing and evaporating in dry salt lakes; and (3) the underground mixing of brine and the evolution of water–rock reaction. Hofstra et al. (2013) [23] summarized and proposed the formation mode of lithium-rich brine deposit and lithium clay ore in Clayton Valley Salt Lake in the United States, namely partial remelting of A-type or S-type granite (up-invasion, eruption) and lithium filtering into the salt lake fromthe forest, finally forming lithium-rich brine deposits by processes such as evaporation and concentration. The formation of lithium-rich brines in Puna Salt Lakes in Argentina is related to the contribution of hot water and weathering of lithium-bearing rocks [24].PDF Image | Origin of Lithium Potassium Rich Brines in the Jianghan
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