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thanthatoftheelectrodialysisrangebetween0.04–0.27kWhmol .However,thesemem- Membranes 2022, 12, 373 branes have also been reported for their ageing dynamics in the presence of various chem- icals. For instance, studies show the spontaneous deterioration of the membranes in the presence of sodium hypochlorite (a common oxidizing agent used in reverse osmosis, ul- trafiltration, and microfiltration) [102]. More recently, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have attracted great attent1i6oonf 2i9n academia and industry due to their versatile properties and remarkable potential for wide applications, including lithium recovery [103]. MOFs are organic-inorganic hybrid solids Membranes 2022, 12, x high Mg /Li [106]. They employed six MOFs including ZIF-8, UiO-66, HSO3-U1i7Oo-6f 62,9 HKUST-1, MOF-808, SO -MOF-808 to fabricate MOFs@PVC via casting. The ion selection with infinite and uniform crystalline coordination networks [104]. Consisting of metal with infinite and uniform crystalline coordination networks [104]. Consisting of metal ions/clusters and organic linkers, these materials have proven promising for ion conduc- ions/clusters and organic linkers, these materials have proven promising for ion conduction tion and transportation [99]. Guo et al. reported an intergrown and continuous polysty- and transportation [99]. Guo et al. reported an intergrown and continuous polystyrene rene sulfonate (PSS) threaded HKUST-1 membranes through an in situ confinement con- sulfonate (PSS) threaded HKUST-1 membranes through an in situ confinement conversion version process (Figure 13) [105]. The as-prepared PSS@HKUST-1-6.7 membrane has process (Figure 13) [105]. The as-prepared PSS@HKUST-1-6.7 membrane has uniquely auncihqoureldytahnrceheo-dreimdethnrseioen-dailmsuenlfsoinonataelnsuetlwfoonraktesfnoertwioonrktrsanfosrpoiorntatiroansdpuoerttaotitohnedliuneatro pthoelylminerar(PpSoSly).mAesra(PrSeSs)u.lAt osfatrheesudlitffoefrtehnetdsizfferseienvtisnizgeesfifevctinsganefdfeacftfisnaintyddafififneriteyndceifsfeorf- + + ++ + +2+ 2+ tehnecLesi o,Nf tahe,KLi,aNnad,MKg, ainodnsMtogtheiosnuslftonathtegsruolufopnsa,tehegProSuSp@sH,KthUeSPTS-1S-@6H.7KmUeSmTb-r1a-6n.e7 + ++++2+2+ dmisepmlabyreadneideisapl lsaeyledctivdietayl fsoerleLctiiviotyvefrorNLai ,oKver, Nanad, KM,gandwMithg bwiniatrhybionnarsyeipoanrasteipoan- fraacttiornsfoafct3o5r,s6o7f, 3a5n,d671,8a[n1d5]1, 8re[s1p5e],crtievsepleyc,twivheilcyh, wishtihcehhisigtheshtiegvherstrepvoertreedpaomrteodngamioonnicg + ciondicuccotnodrsuactnodrsLaindexLtiraecxttioranctmioenmmbermanbersa.nTehs.eTrehfeorref,otrhee, tmheemebmrabnreanweaws acsoncosindseidredread + vaevryerpyrpomroimsiinsginmgamteartiearliafolrfothretheeffiecffiiecnietnetxterxatcrtaicotnioonfolifthliituhmiumioniosnfrsofmromsalsta-lat-kleakberibnreins.es. Figure 13. Preparation of PSS-threaded HKUST-1 membranes. CHNs = copper hydroxide nano- Figure 13. Preparation of PSS-threaded HKUST-1 membranes. CHNs = copper hydroxide nano- strands. AAO = anodic alumina, the gray bars are the anodic alumina oxide membrane [105]. strands. AAO = anodic alumina, the gray bars are the anodic alumina oxide membrane [105]. AnottherrrecenttsttudybyZhangetal.. reported a hybrid membrane of polyvinyl chlo- ride matrix filled with MOFs (MOFs@PVC) for extraction of Li+ from salt-lake brines with ride matrix filled with MOFs (MOFs@PVC) for extraction of Li+ from salt-lake brines with 2+ + high Mg 2+/L+i [106]. They employed six MOFs including ZIF-8, UiO-66, HSO -UiO-66, HKUST-1, MOF-808, SO44-MOF-808 to fabricate MOFs@PVC via casting. The ion selection property was studied by the current-voltage (I-V) plots via two compartment transport cells property was studied by the current-voltage (I-V) plots via two compartment transport as shown in Figure 14 [106]. They also reported HSO -UiO-66@PVC membrane that showed cells as shown in Figure 14 [106]. They also report3ed HSO3-UiO-66@PVC membrane that + + 2+ −10 showed highest selectivit+y fo+r Li (2L+i /Mg > 4) with a diffusion coefficient −o1f02.0 ×2 1−01 highest selectivity for Li (Li /Mg > 4) with a diffusion coefficient of 2.0 × 10 cm s . cm2 s−1. The pore size and sulfonation of MOFs play important roles in the sepa+ration2+of The pore size and sulfonation of MOFs play important roles in the separation of Li /Mg . Li+/Mg2+. The pore size provides pore channels for ion transportation and sulfonated The pore size provides pore channels for ion transportation and sulfonated groups anchored 2+ 2+ groiunptsheanMchOoFrsedcanindtehleayMMOgFs ctaranndsfelraybeMcagusetroafntshferstbroencaguasfefinoiftythbeestwtroeenngsauflffionnitaytebde- 2+ 2+ twegernouspuslfaondatMedg gr,owuhpischanednhMangce,dwsehliecchtivenithyafnorcelidthsieulmec-tiiovni.ty for lithium-ion. FiguFirgeu1r4e.1S4c.hSecmheamticatdiciadgiaragmramofotfhtehetetsetsftofrorioionnccoonndduuccttiiviitty[106]. Bipolar Membranes Some cases of membrane adaption have led to the use of bipolar membranes to sep- arate the acids and bases from a mixture. This has been advantageously applied to lithium extraction due to the aqueous nature of the feed solution [107]. By conjunction with bipo-PDF Image | Lithium Harvesting using Membranes
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Product and Development Focus for Infinity Turbine
ORC Waste Heat Turbine and ORC System Build Plans: All turbine plans are $10,000 each. This allows you to build a system and then consider licensing for production after you have completed and tested a unit.Redox Flow Battery Technology: With the advent of the new USA tax credits for producing and selling batteries ($35/kW) we are focussing on a simple flow battery using shipping containers as the modular electrolyte storage units with tax credits up to $140,000 per system. Our main focus is on the salt battery. This battery can be used for both thermal and electrical storage applications. We call it the Cogeneration Battery or Cogen Battery. One project is converting salt (brine) based water conditioners to simultaneously produce power. In addition, there are many opportunities to extract Lithium from brine (salt lakes, groundwater, and producer water).Salt water or brine are huge sources for lithium. Most of the worlds lithium is acquired from a brine source. It's even in seawater in a low concentration. Brine is also a byproduct of huge powerplants, which can now use that as an electrolyte and a huge flow battery (which allows storage at the source).We welcome any business and equipment inquiries, as well as licensing our turbines for manufacturing.CONTACT TEL: 608-238-6001 Email: greg@infinityturbine.com (Standard Web Page)