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Membranes 2022, 12, 373 14 of 29 Although these membranes have been considered as successful applicants for liquid- membrane extractions, SLMs still have some issues with stability, durability and solvent leakage. Conquering these shortcomings requires future research into the fabrication of the organic membranes whilst maintaining hydrophilicity to increase solvent resistance and reduce membrane swelling for reduced fouling [89]. 3.2.3. Membrane Adsorption Membrane adsorption contributes to a large percentage of conventional-membrane hybrid techniques. This methodology has been adapted primarily using polymeric mate- rials with surface enhancements [91,92] and has brought a wide array of materials to the market for Li adsorption. Chung et al. and Sun et al. demonstrated the use of various polymeric substrates such as poly(vinylidene fluoride) –(C2H2F2)n–, polyvinylpyrroli- done –(C6H9NO)n–, polysulfone, polyester, and Kimtex® composites [38,39]. Further- more, Lu et al. prepared various adsorption samples based upon a polyethersulfone substrate [93]. Meanwhile, Park et al. reported a polysulfone (PSf)-based mixed matrix nanofiber (MMN) [94]. Each of these materials has been widely used in membrane research due to its high porosity, pressure resistance, elasticity, and stability. Hence, a wide array of polymeric substrates has been advantageous, providing a stable microporous material for hierarchical membrane fabrications. However, to selectively contain lithium, the pore size of the surface material was required to be on the nanoscale. This was accomplished by various research teams after the addition of an active layer onto the substrate to create an unsaturated chemical group that attracts and holds the lithium [93]. Lu et al. explained the cause of this effect was due to the synergic effects between the lithium and the hydroxyl groups within the structure [37]. Additionally, they suggested that the increased roughness of the materials improved the hydrophilicity and hence made this sample very useful in lithium harvesting from brines. 3.2.4. Membrane Electrodialysis Membrane-Electrodialysis has become a common practice for Li extractions over the past decades, with a wide array of applications in the industry [63] The efficiency of this electro-membrane separation process has been amplified in multiple cases by alteration of the membrane stack (a unit component within the electrodialysis system). Implementing various membranes, such as ion-exchange membranes, bipolar membranes and novel membranes technologies such as activated carbon have achieved excellent efficiency and, in some cases, reduced the energy demand [95]. Selective Electrodialysis Recently, the employment of selective membranes, such as monovalent selective cation exchange membranes (CIMS) and monovalent selective anion exchange membranes (ACS), in electrodialysis has shown great potential in the effective separation of positively and negatively charged ions in aqueous mixtures. A typical setup contains 11 CIMS and 10 ACS sandwiched between a cathode and anode [96,97]. The system set-up (Figure 12) [97], can be further optimized for Li+ separation through voltage and temperature adjustment. A small change in the voltage (e.g., 3 V) has proven to boost the performance, giving a comparable 67.65%:80.08% Li recovery rate [98,99]. Similarly, a 20 ◦C difference in operating temperature has been shown to improve lithium recovery from 21.47% to 39.2%. Such voltage and temperature tuning are also dependent on specimen compositions. For example, ion composition in the feed has a vital effect on Li recovery efficiency. As reported, at elevated operating temperatures, increased recovery rates have been observed with Mg2+ and Ca2+ ions whilst a decreasing efficiency in the presence of Na+ [96].PDF Image | Lithium Harvesting using Membranes
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Product and Development Focus for Infinity Turbine
ORC Waste Heat Turbine and ORC System Build Plans: All turbine plans are $10,000 each. This allows you to build a system and then consider licensing for production after you have completed and tested a unit.Redox Flow Battery Technology: With the advent of the new USA tax credits for producing and selling batteries ($35/kW) we are focussing on a simple flow battery using shipping containers as the modular electrolyte storage units with tax credits up to $140,000 per system. Our main focus is on the salt battery. This battery can be used for both thermal and electrical storage applications. We call it the Cogeneration Battery or Cogen Battery. One project is converting salt (brine) based water conditioners to simultaneously produce power. In addition, there are many opportunities to extract Lithium from brine (salt lakes, groundwater, and producer water).Salt water or brine are huge sources for lithium. Most of the worlds lithium is acquired from a brine source. It's even in seawater in a low concentration. Brine is also a byproduct of huge powerplants, which can now use that as an electrolyte and a huge flow battery (which allows storage at the source).We welcome any business and equipment inquiries, as well as licensing our turbines for manufacturing.CONTACT TEL: 608-238-6001 Email: greg@infinityturbine.com (Standard Web Page)