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hydroxide chloride (LDH). Paranthaman et al. (2017) provide details of development of LDH sorbents and use bench-scale tests to demonstrate high lithium recovery (91%) and high separation factors for lithium versus sodium, potassium, and calcium. A complete silica management and lithium extraction process was pilot-scale tested at the Elmore and Featherstone power plants in the Salton Sea KGRA after pilot-scale testing off-site using a surrogate brine. Two sorbents were tested at the Elmore plant, and a next generation sorbent was tested after the pilot test was moved to the Featherstone plant, where plans were to eventually scale to commercial operations. At the Elmore plant, brine feed to the lithium extraction process was from injection pipelines at 105°C and 19 L/m. During 3,500 hours of operation, more than 95% of LiCl from the brine was recovered under optimal conditions (Harrison 2014). After relocating to the Featherstone plant, purification and concentration steps were added to the process. Few details are provided, but the purification step removed trace metals from the LiCl solution produced during primary lithium extraction with specific mention of calcium and magnesium removal, while the concentration step produced a 35–40 wt % LiCl solution (Harrison 2014). The pilot plant was operated for 9,000 hours. A.1.3 Conversion to Commercial Products Simbol developed a proprietary process for the conversion of concentrated LiCl solution into a 4 wt % LiOH solution, which is evaporated, washed, and dried to produce Li(OH)·H2O. Simbol also developed a process to use CO2 from geothermal power operations to produce Li2CO3 from the LiOH solution; however, pilot scale demonstrations used to produce Li2CO3 also employed conventional reaction with Na2CO3 followed by filtering, washing, and drying to produce 99.9% pure Li2CO3. The pilot plant converting concentrated LiCl solution to LiOH solution was operated for more than 1,000 hours using surrogate and geothermal-sourced LiCl solutions. Simbol’s proprietary process successfully produced a 4 wt % LiOH solution. Reaction of the LiOH solution produced a Li2CO3 slurry, which was filtered, washed, and dried to produce 26.3 kg of 99.9% pure Li2CO3 from 900 L of 4.5 wt % LiOH (Harrison 2014). More than 95% of lithium was extracted from geothermal brine as lithium chloride, and conversion of lithium chloride to lithium hydroxide and lithium carbonate products showed yields >90%. Though performance and cost details are not available, published chemical analyses of fluids from lithium extraction process steps are available (Simbol Inc. 2015). Table A-1 allows comparison of fluid compositions among post-flash brine, post-silica removal, and post-lithium- extraction process steps. These results show the successful concentration of lithium (high starting values and low post-extraction values) while limiting contamination by silica, sodium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium. 30 This report is available at no cost from the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) at www.nrel.gov/publications.PDF Image | Lithium Extraction from Geothermal Brines
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Product and Development Focus for Infinity Turbine
ORC Waste Heat Turbine and ORC System Build Plans: All turbine plans are $10,000 each. This allows you to build a system and then consider licensing for production after you have completed and tested a unit.Redox Flow Battery Technology: With the advent of the new USA tax credits for producing and selling batteries ($35/kW) we are focussing on a simple flow battery using shipping containers as the modular electrolyte storage units with tax credits up to $140,000 per system. Our main focus is on the salt battery. This battery can be used for both thermal and electrical storage applications. We call it the Cogeneration Battery or Cogen Battery. One project is converting salt (brine) based water conditioners to simultaneously produce power. In addition, there are many opportunities to extract Lithium from brine (salt lakes, groundwater, and producer water).Salt water or brine are huge sources for lithium. Most of the worlds lithium is acquired from a brine source. It's even in seawater in a low concentration. Brine is also a byproduct of huge powerplants, which can now use that as an electrolyte and a huge flow battery (which allows storage at the source).We welcome any business and equipment inquiries, as well as licensing our turbines for manufacturing.CONTACT TEL: 608-238-6001 Email: greg@infinityturbine.com (Standard Web Page)