Lithium Extraction from Geothermal Brines

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Sanjuan, B., G. Negrel, M. Le Lous, E. Poulmarch, F. Gal, and P. Damy. 2020. “Main geochemical characteristics of the deep geothermal brine at Vendenheim (Alsace, France) with constraints on temperature and fluid circulation.” World Geothermal Congress 2020 Reykjavik, Iceland. Schmidt, A., F. Mestmäcker, L. Brückner, T. Elwert, and J. Strube. 2019. “Liquid-Liquid Extraction and Chromatography Process Routes for the Purification of Lithium.” Materials Science Forum 959: 79–99. Schultze, L.E., and D. J. Bauer. 1982. “Operation of a mineral recovery unit on brine from the Salton Sea Known Geothermal Resource Area.” Bureau of Mines Report of Investigations 8680. Schultze, L.E., and D. J. Bauer. 1984. “Recovering lithium chloride from a geothermal brine.” Bureau of Mines Report of Investigations 8883. Simbol, Inc. 2015. Simbol Materials Lithium Extraction Operating Data from Elmore and Featherstone Geothermal Plants [data set]. Retrieved from https://dx.doi.org/10.15121/1196287. Simmons, S.F., S. Kirby, P. Verplanck, and K. Kelley. 2018. “Strategic and Critical Elements in Produced Geothermal Fluids from Nevada and Utah.” 43rd Workshop on Geothermal Reservoir Engineering, Stanford University. Skinner, B. J., D. E. White, H. J. Rose, and R. E. Mays. 1967. “Sulfides associated with the Salton Sea Geothermal Brine.” Economic Geology 62, no. 3: 316–330. Stringfellow, W.T., and P. F. Dobson. 2021. “Technology for Lithium Extraction in the Context of Hybrid Geothermal Power.” 46th Workshop on Geothermal Reservoir Engineering, Stanford University. Ventura, S., S. Bhamidi, M. Hornbostel, A. Nagar, E. and Perea. 2016. “Selective Recovery of Metals from Geothermal Brines.” Final Report DE-EE0006747. Ventura, S., S. Bhamidi, and M. Hornbostel. 2018. “Selective recovery of lithium from brines.” 43rd Workshop on Geothermal Reservoir Engineering, Stanford University. Ventura, S., S. Bhamidi, M. Hornbostel, and A. Nagar. 2020. “Selective Recovery of Lithium from Geothermal Brines.” Final Project Report, California Energy Commission Energy Research and Development Division. CEC-500-2020-020. Vulcan Energy Resources. 2020. “Positive PFS & Maiden JORC Ore Reserve: Zero Carbon Lithium® Project.” ASX Release 15 January 2020. Werner, H.H., 1970. “Contribution to the mineral extraction from supersaturated geothermal brines, Salton Sea area, California.” Geothermics 2: 1651-1655. Williams, A.E., and M. A. McKibben. 1989. “A brine interface in the Salton Sea Geothermal System, California: Fluid geochemical and isotopic characteristics.” Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 53, no. 8: 1905–1920. 27 This report is available at no cost from the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) at www.nrel.gov/publications.

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We call it the Cogeneration Battery or Cogen Battery.

One project is converting salt (brine) based water conditioners to simultaneously produce power.

In addition, there are many opportunities to extract Lithium from brine (salt lakes, groundwater, and producer water).

Salt water or brine are huge sources for lithium. Most of the worlds lithium is acquired from a brine source. It's even in seawater in a low concentration. Brine is also a byproduct of huge powerplants, which can now use that as an electrolyte and a huge flow battery (which allows storage at the source).

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