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Membranes 2022, 12, 343 23 of 27 References solvent extraction, ion-exchange, and precipitation. Electro-membrane processes could be applied for lithium removal from brines and spent batteries. For brines and groundwater, capacitive deionization can be efficiently applied. By using CDI and HCDI, it is possible to reduce energy consumption, as well as intensify removal operations with high selectivity. For releasing lithium from e-wastes, the ED process can be used. By applying ED, it is possible to reduce recycling costs and energy consumption. The additional benefit of ED over other technologies is the extraction of is the extraction of lithium in higher-grades. However, despite the promise of electro-membrane processes for lithium recovery, there is a need to continue research on the development of sustainable technologies that can effectively recover all valuable metals from both primary and secondary resources, simplify the recycling process, and make the recycling costs lower. Author Contributions: A.S.: Conceptualization, methodology, validation, investigation, resources, writing—original draft, writing—review and editing, visualisation, funding acquisition; M.B.: writing— original draft, writing—review and editing; A.R.; writing—original draft, writing—review and editing; W.K.: writing—original draft, writing—review and editing; A.N.N.: writing—original draft; writing—review and editing; L.F.D.: supervision, project administration, writing—original draft, writing—review and editing. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. Funding: This research was funded by Foundation for Polish Science (START) grant number 075.2021 and by Khalifa University by grant number RC2-2019-007. Institutional Review Board Statement: Not applicable. Informed Consent Statement: Not applicable. Data Availability Statement: Not applicable. Acknowledgments: A.S. would like to thank the Department of Process Engineering and Technology of Polymeric and Carbon Materials, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, for the financial support from the ministerial subsidy. A.S. is supported by the Polish Ministry of Education and Science under the program for outstanding young scientists. A.S. is supported by the Foundation for Polish Science (START) under project number 075.2021. L.F.D. acknowledges the support from Khalifa University through project RC2-2019-007. Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest. 1. Zhang, X.; Han, A.; Yang, Y. Review on the production of high-purity lithium metal. J. Mater. Chem. A 2020, 8, 22455–22466. [CrossRef] 2. Choubey, P.K.; Kim, M.S.; Srivastava, R.R.; Lee, J.C.; Lee, J.Y. Advance review on the exploitation of the prominent energy-storage element: Lithium. Part I: From mineral and brine resources. Miner. Eng. 2016, 89, 119–137. [CrossRef] 3. Brandt, F.; Haus, R. New concepts for lithium minerals processing. Miner. Eng. 2010, 23, 659–661. [CrossRef] 4. Ji, P.Y.; Ji, Z.Y.; Chen, Q.B.; Liu, J.; Zhao, Y.Y.; Wang, S.Z.; Li, F.; Yuan, J.S. Effect of coexisting ions on recovering lithium from high Mg2+/Li+ ratio brines by selective-electrodialysis. Sep. Purif. Technol. 2018, 207, 1–11. [CrossRef] 5. Meshram, P.; Pandey, B.D.; Mankhand, T.R. Extraction of lithium from primary and secondary sources by pre-treatment, leaching and separation: A comprehensive review. Hydrometallurgy 2014, 150, 192–208. [CrossRef] 6. Swain, B. Recovery and recycling of lithium: A review. Sep. Purif. Technol. 2017, 172, 388–403. [CrossRef] 7. Siekierka, A.; Tomaszewska, B.; Bryjak, M. Lithium capturing from geothermal water by hybrid capacitive deionization. Desalination 2018, 436, 8–14. [CrossRef] 8. Chen, Q.B.; Ji, Z.Y.; Liu, J.; Zhao, Y.Y.; Wang, S.Z.; Yuan, J.S. Development of recovering lithium from brines by selective- electrodialysis: Effect of coexisting cations on the migration of lithium. J. Memb. Sci. 2018, 548, 408–420. [CrossRef] 9. Georgi-Maschler, T.; Friedrich, B.; Weyhe, R.; Heegn, H.; Rutz, M. Development of a recycling process for Li-ion batteries. J. Power Sources 2012, 207, 173–182. [CrossRef] 10. Zeng, X.; Li, J. Spent rechargeable lithium batteries in e-waste: Composition and its implications. Front. Environ. Sci. Eng. 2014, 8, 792–796. [CrossRef] 11. Nguyen, T.; Lee, M. A Review on the Separation of Lithium Ion from Leach Liquors of Primary and Secondary Resources by Solvent Extraction with Commercial Extractants. Processes 2018, 6, 55. [CrossRef] 12. Chen, W.; Liang, J.; Yang, Z.; Li, G. A review of lithium-ion battery for electric vehicle applications and beyond. Energy Procedia 2019, 158, 4363–4368. [CrossRef]PDF Image | Electro-Driven Materials and Processes for Lithium
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