PDF Publication Title:
Text from PDF Page: 022
Membranes 2022, 12, 343 22 of 27 an important role. The second place takes lithium carbonate plate with its utilities and infrastructure (Figure 6b) [121]. From the operational cost, the reagents’ costs seem to be the most important part. Among them, sodium carbonate (28%), calcium oxide (12%), sodium hydroxide (7%), carbon dioxide (4%), and hydrochloric acid (1%) should be mentioned [121]. 4.3. Lithium Recovery from e-Waste Brines The lower cost of process utilization battery spent solutions is expected to be the main driver for recycling end-of-life LIBs. From a typical economic analysis of LIB recycling delivery, the total cost of recycling 3974 tons of LIBs was USD 22,824,666. The operation cost was USD 8,941,500 (2250 USD/ton), transportation was USD12,078,970 (USD 3039.5/ton), and material handling was USD 1,804,196 (454 USD/ton) [34]. Environmental and social aspects could also contribute to the need for more recycling of end-of-life batteries. The key Figure 7. Economic analysis for methods of recycling of LIBs. Figure 7. Economic analysis for methods of recycling of LIBs. Basedontthheeddaatatafrformomthtehsessetustduidesie,sth,ethmeomstoesftfiecfifiencitemntetmhoedth,owdi,thwtihtheltohweelsotwcaers-t bcaornbfoonotfporoitnptr,iinsto, fifseoreffderbeydtbhye ethlecterloe-cmtreom-mberamnberpanroecpesrsoecse.sOsens.thOenotherohtahnedr ,htahnedm, tohset emxopsetnesxivpentseicvhentoeclohgnioelsogfoierslfiothriluitmhiuremcorveceoryvearyrearpeyproymroemtaeltlaulrlugrygyanadndhhyyddrorommeetatallulurrggyy.. This is due to the high energy requirements for heating and extracttiion.. areas for the reduction in cost are related to energy and greenhouse gas emissions. Figure 7 Membranes 2022, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEW 21 of 27 summarizes some values from several studies comparing processes involving leaching acid, pyrometallurgy, hydrometallurgy, and electro-membrane processes [122–124]. The comparison of all of the above-mentioned methods is difficult due to the usability The comparison of all of the above-mentioned methods is difficult due to the usabil- of various operations, materials, and energy requirements. ity of various operations, materials, and energy requirements. 5. Summary and Prospects 5. Summary and Prospects Lithium’s unique properties make it a critical metal for a wide range of applications. Lithium’s unique properties make it a critical metal for a wide range of applications. The demand for Li compounds in the commodity market over the next decade and beyond The demand for Li compounds in the commodity market over the next decade and be- is expected to increase dramatically according to the rising use of portable energy storage yond is expected to increase dramatically according to the rising use of portable energy devices. At this stage, there are already some industrial-scale or laboratory-established storage devices. At this stage, there are already some industrial-scale or laboratory-estab- technologies for recovering lithium from minerals, brines, and lithium-ion batteries. The lished technologies for recovering lithium from minerals, brines, and lithium-ion batter- process of lithium recovery from minerals and clays is expensive at the both mining costs ies. The process of lithium recovery from minerals and clays is expensive at the both min- and energy consumption. The main source of Li from minerals is spodumene. Spodumene ing costs and energy consumption. The main source of Li from minerals is spodumene. has a high energy requirement to convert α-spodumene into β-spodumene, which is Spodumene has a high energy requirement to convert α-spodumene into β-spodumene, more readily leachable. The extraction of lithium from brines and seawater reveals that which is more readily leachable. The extraction of lithium from brines and seawater re- a very long duration is necessary for evaporation and concentration. That process has a veals that a very long duration is necessary for evaporation and concentration. That pro- serious drawback and is seriously affected by climate. The recycling process of the LIBs cess has a serious drawback and is seriously affected by climate. The recycling process of mainly consists of dismantling for the removal of plastic and iron scraps, the separation of the LIBs mainly consists of dismantling for the removal of plastic and iron scraps, the cathode and anode materials, the leaching of the electrode, the removal of unwanted metal separation of cathode and anode materials, the leaching of the electrode, the removal of impurities in the leachate, separation, and the recovery of metals from the solutions by unwanted metal impurities in the leachate, separation, and the recovery of metals from the solutions by solvent extraction, ion-exchange, and precipitation. Electro-membrane processes could be applied for lithium removal from brines and spent batteries. For brines and groundwater, capacitive deionization can be efficiently applied. By using CDI and HCDI, it is possible to reduce energy consumption, as well as intensify removal operationsPDF Image | Electro-Driven Materials and Processes for Lithium
PDF Search Title:
Electro-Driven Materials and Processes for LithiumOriginal File Name Searched:
membranes-12-00343-v3.pdfDIY PDF Search: Google It | Yahoo | Bing
Product and Development Focus for Infinity Turbine
ORC Waste Heat Turbine and ORC System Build Plans: All turbine plans are $10,000 each. This allows you to build a system and then consider licensing for production after you have completed and tested a unit.Redox Flow Battery Technology: With the advent of the new USA tax credits for producing and selling batteries ($35/kW) we are focussing on a simple flow battery using shipping containers as the modular electrolyte storage units with tax credits up to $140,000 per system. Our main focus is on the salt battery. This battery can be used for both thermal and electrical storage applications. We call it the Cogeneration Battery or Cogen Battery. One project is converting salt (brine) based water conditioners to simultaneously produce power. In addition, there are many opportunities to extract Lithium from brine (salt lakes, groundwater, and producer water).Salt water or brine are huge sources for lithium. Most of the worlds lithium is acquired from a brine source. It's even in seawater in a low concentration. Brine is also a byproduct of huge powerplants, which can now use that as an electrolyte and a huge flow battery (which allows storage at the source).We welcome any business and equipment inquiries, as well as licensing our turbines for manufacturing.CONTACT TEL: 608-238-6001 Email: greg@infinityturbine.com (Standard Web Page)