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Minerals 2020, 10, 284 22 of 34 BDL brines overall are slightly more saline than CDL brines but have also precipitated far more halite than CDL [26], indicating that BDL is more evaporated and evolved than the CDL brine. Boron and F are not correlated in any of the brines (data in [12,13]); Figure 10) and concentrations in the basin-center brines are not much higher than in the alluvial fan water. This suggests that both elements are adsorbed to/precipitate with clay minerals as they get to the playa center. Minerals 2020, 10, x FOR PEER REVIEW 22 of 34 Figure 10. Fluoride (F) plotted against boron (B) for historic brine and alluvial fan well measurements. Figure 10. Fluoride (F) plotted against boron (B) for historic brine and alluvial fan well measurements. No correlation is evident between F and B, and brine concentrations are similar or lower than alluvial No correlation is evident between F and B, and brine concentrations are similar or lower than alluvial fan concentrations in all basins for F. Boron concentrations are higher in the CDL and DDL brines than fan concentrations in all basins for F. Boron concentrations are higher in the CDL and DDL brines alluvial fan water, but not at BDL. New sampling of Standard Lithium wells did not include fluoride than alluvial fan water, but not at BDL. New sampling of Standard Lithium wells did not include or boron. fluoride or boron. Danby Dry Lake, which has been used sporadically for salt extraction of brines since the 1880s [62] Danby Dry Lake, which has been used sporadically for salt extraction of brines since the 1880s is less saline than the other two playas and also contains little Ca in the brine (data in [12,13]). Danby [62] is less saline than the other two playas and also contains little Ca in the brine (data in [12,13]). Dry Lake is a Na–Cl brine that also contains almost no HCO3. However, SO4 is present between 3.8 Danby Dry Lake is a Na–Cl brine that also contains almost no HCO3. However, SO4 is present and 31 g/L in the saline brines. Only three thin (<0.5 m thick) layers of halite have been found in the between 3.8 and 31 g/L in the saline brines. Only three thin (<0.5 m thick) layers of halite have been top 5 m of the core drilled at the north end of the playa [8]. The core at the south end of the playa has found in the top 5 m of the core drilled at the north end of the playa [8]. The core at the south end of no halite beds and is sandier than the other core. Gypsum deposits are abundant around the edges the playa has no halite beds and is sandier than the other core. Gypsum deposits are abundant around and south part of the playa and some appear to be the remnant pedestals of older, likely Pleistocene the edges and south part of the playa and some appear to be the remnant pedestals of older, likely deposits [63]. Pleistocene deposits [63]. 4.2. Sediment Mineralogy and Chemistry 4.2. Sediment Mineralogy and Chemistry Both samples (DH-2 50-55 and DH-2 350-355) that were included in the clay investigation were Both samples (DH-2 50-55 and DH-2 350-355) that were included in the clay investigation were scanned with both randomized and oriented orientations. The 060 peak of montmorillonite was scanned with both randomized and oriented orientations. The 060 peak of montmorillonite was not not expressed in oriented XRD scans, but its d-spacing in the randomly oriented preparation was expressed in oriented XRD scans, but its d-spacing in the randomly oriented preparation was diagnostic for differentiating between trioctahedral and dioctahedral smectites. In all samples, we diagnostic for differentiating between trioctahedral and dioctahedral smectites. In all samples, we found a bimodal 060 peak with foci near 1.52Å and 1.50Å indicating a mixture of trioctahedral and found a bimodal 060 peak with foci near 1.52Å and 1.50Å indicating a mixture of trioctahedral and dioctahedral smectite. The confirmation of trioctahedral smectite was used to continue the investigation dioctahedral smectite. The confirmation of trioctahedral smectite was used to continue the into the presence or absence of hectorite clay. investigation into the presence or absence of hectorite clay. The ethylene glycol solvated 001 peak was clear in every oriented clay sample, and the distinction The ethylene glycol solvated 001 peak was clear in every oriented clay sample, and the between stevensite and hecorite is based on the failure of oriented samples to re-expand after heat distinction between stevensite and hecorite is based on the failure of oriented samples to re-expand after heat treatment and subsequent ethylene glycol solvation [64]. The heat treatment collapses the d-spacing of the 001 peak to 14Å, and the 001 peak of a hectorite will re-expand to 17Å after solvation with ethylene glycol, which we demonstrated using the clay mineral society hectorite (SHCa-1) as a control sample. Because the 001 peak of the montmorillonites analyzed in this investigation did not re-expand to 17Å after heat and ethyne glycol treatment, we determined stevensite was present, notPDF Image | Bristol Dry Lake Brine Compared to Brines from Cadiz
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