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Membranes 2021, 11, 575 26 of 29 References 5. Conclusions Experimental tests were developed to determine and analyze the scope and feasibility of BMED application in high-purity lithium hydroxide production. Among the main results, the influence of high concentrations of LiOH and LiCl solutions on LiOH production energy efficiency and final solution purity were determined and analyzed. The best results for energy efficiency were obtained at low initial LiOH concentrations. A high LiCl concentration (25–34 wt%) was shown to increase electrical resistance and promote Cl− diffusion into the LiOH solution. On the other hand, increasing the LiOH concentration was shown to cause OH− ion leakage phenomena in the cation-exchange membrane, reducing its performance. Regarding bipolar membranes, high LiOH and HCl concentrations were associated with accelerated leakage of co-ions, impairing LiOH solution purity. This can currently be addressed with asymmetric bipolar membranes, or by avoiding high HCl concentrations with a high current density that promotes water dissociation over salt leakage. For the application of electrodialysis with bipolar membranes, the results of this work show that it is possible to obtain a LiOH concentration in a concentration range of 3.34–4.35 wt%, with 96.0–95.4% purity. After this point, electrical power consumption and LiOH contamination with chloride ions tend to increase significantly, affecting solution purity. From a 0.5 wt% LiOH solution and a current density of 1000 A·m−2, a specific electrical energy consumption (SEC) of 9.45 kWh·kg−1 was determined with a current efficiency (CE) of 0.77–0.59, obtaining a final LiOH concentration of 4.35 wt%. On the other hand, with a current density of 500 A·m−2, an SEC of 5.97 kWh·kg−1 was obtained with a CE of 0.69, obtaining a LiOH concentration of 2.05 wt%. The highest current efficiency obtained was 0.77 at 0.5 wt% LiOH and 14 wt% LiCl concentrations. To achieve high LiOH concentrations with higher efficiency, it is necessary to improve the performance of bipolar membranes at high concentrations, and the resistance of cation- exchange membranes to OH− leakage, supported by suitable operating conditions. Author Contributions: Conceptualization, M.G. and A.G.; methodology, A.G., P.S., M.C. and M.G.; formal analysis, M.G.; investigation, A.G.; resources, M.G. and M.C.; data curation, A.G. and A.Q.; writing—original draft preparation, A.G., S.U. and M.G.; writing—review and editing, A.G., M.G. and S.U.; supervision, M.G., P.S. and M.C.; funding acquisition, M.G. and S.U. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. Funding: We give thanks to ANID/FONDAP/15110019, CONICYT/FONDECYT REGULAR N◦ 1191347. Alonso Gonzalez expresses thanks to CONICYT for funding his postgraduate studies: CONICYT-PFCHA/Doctorado Nacional/2017-21170998. Institutional Review Board Statement: Not applicable. Informed Consent Statement: Not applicable. Data Availability Statement: Not applicable. Acknowledgments: A.G. and A.Q. acknowledge the infrastructure and support of the Programa de Doctorado en Ingeniería de Procesos de Minerales of the Universidad de Antofagasta. Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest. 1. Zybert,M.;Ronduda,H.;Szcze ̨sna,A.;Trzeciak,T.;Ostrowski,A.;Z ̇ero,E.;Wieczorek,W.;Raróg-Pilecka,W.;Marcinek,M. Different strategies of introduction of lithium ions into nickel-manganese-cobalt carbonate resulting in LiNi0.6Mn0.2Co0.2O2 (NMC622) cathode material for Li-ion batteries. Solid State Ion. 2020, 348, 115273. [CrossRef] 2. Li, H.; Eksteen, J.; Kuang, G. Recovery of lithium from mineral resources: State-of-the-art and perspectives—A review. Hydromet- allurgy 2019, 189, 105129. [CrossRef] 3. Cochilco.cl. Oferta y Demanda de Litio Hacia el 2030. Available online: https://www.cochilco.cl/Mercado%20de%20Metales/ Produccion%20y%20consumo%20de%20litio%20hacia%20el%202030.pdf (accessed on 16 July 2021). 4. Li, H.; Cormier, M.; Zhang, N.; Inglis, J.; Li, J.; Dahn, J. Is cobalt needed in Ni-rich positive electrode materials for lithium ion batteries? J. Electrochem. Soc. 2019, 166, A429–A439. [CrossRef]PDF Image | Bipolar Membrane Electrodialysis for LiOH Production
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