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Membranes 2021, 11, 575 20 of 29 Membranes 2021, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEW −2 1.29 and 2.28 mol·m Cl− transport. ·h −1 21 of 30 , evidencing the influence of LiCl concentration on undesired 3.4.1. Product Purity Among the results, Figure 10 shows variation in LiOH and Cl− ion concentrations over time according to different operating conditions. The presence of chloride as an impurity can be attributed to the leakage of Cl− into the bipolar membrane and undesired transport of this anion across the cation-exchange membrane, due to high LiCl concentration and its effect on co-ion concentration in the membrane [48]. Cl− molar flux into the LiOH compartment was calculated to be between 0.47 and 1.06 mol·m−2·h−1 when using a 14 wt% LiCl concentration, whereas for a 34 wt% LiCl concentration, Cl− flux was between Figure 10. Concentration variation of LiOH and Cl−in LiOH solution according to different operating conditions: (a) com- Figure 10. Concentration variation of LiOH and Cl− in LiOH solution according to different operating conditions: (a) com- parison of the cation-exchange membranes CMX and CMB (Test 1 and Table 2. (b) comparison of 14 and 25 wt% LiCl parison of the cation-exchange membranes CMX and CMB (Test 1 and Test 2); (b) comparison of 14 and 25 wt% LiCl concentrations at 1000 A∙m−2 (Test 1 and Test 3); (c) comparison of the bipolar membranes Neosepta BP and Fumasep FBM concentrations at 1000 A·m−2 (Test 1 and Test 3); (c) comparison of the bipolar membranes Neosepta BP and Fumasep FBM (Test 3 and Test 4); (d) comparison of 14 and 34 wt% LiCl concentrations at 500 A∙m−2 (Test 5 and Test 6). Initial LiOH (Test 3 and Test 4); (d) comparison of 14 and 34 wt% LiCl concentrations at 500 A·m−2 (Test 5 and Test 6). Initial LiOH concentration 0.5 wt%. concentration 0.5 wt%. 3.4.2. SEC and Current Efficiency In relation to the two cation-exchange membranes used, the CMB membrane (Test 1) Figure 11 shows the total specific electricity consumption (SEC) and current effi- presented a LiOH concentration on average 6.6% higher than that obtained with the ciency (CE) corresponding to LiOH production in long-running tests. − CMX membrane (Test 2), with a Cl content of 0.21 wt% and 0.26 wt%, respectively Energy efficiency according to cation-exchange membrane type was compared based (see Figure 10a). This means that with the CMB membrane, as the LiOH solution was ocnonthcenrtersauteltds ofrfoTmes2ts.11awndt%2,taon4d.3th5ewret%su,ltshearseopluretisoentpeduriintyFidgeucrea1s1ead. FforormTe9st7.19w%itho t9h5e.4N%e,oresespetactBivPelby.ipOonlatrhmeoetmhebrahnaenda,nidnthecCaMseXofmtheemCbMraXnem,wemhbenrancoen,tcheentirnactrienagsethine LiiOHscolnucteionntrafrtiomnf1r.o9m8w1.9t%8wtot%4.t0o54w.0t5%w,ts%peicmifpiclieldecatriecdituyctcionsuinmpputrioitnyf(SroEmC)9i4n.6- ctroe9a3se.4d%b.yT2h5e.6la%ttaerndcacnubrreeanttreifbfiuctiednctyo(tCheE)fadcetctrheatsethdebCyM19X.9m%e.mObnrathneoisthtehrinhnaenrda,nind −− Tshesotw2s,lwowhenrwusaitnegrutphetakCeM,pBremsenmtibnrganles,sSrEesCisitnancrceatsoedunbdyes2i4re.8d%CalndiCffEusdioencraenadseOdHby 2le3a.4k%ag.eHtohwroeuvgehr,it.heaverageSECandCEwiththeCMBmembranewere10%and3% higheFri,gruesrpee1c0tbivpelrye,sceonmtsptahreedLitOoHthecoCnMceXntmraetmiobnrraenseu.lTtshewhiegnheursSinEgCdoibffteariennetdLwiCitlhctohne- −2 CceMnBtramtieomnsbr(1a4newcta%n abnedat2tr5ibwutt%ed) atot 1th00e0hAig·hmer el.eTchtreicuaslereosfisata2n5cwe ot%f thLisCml ceomncbernantrea(tsioene Taallbolwee1d).ustoobtainafinalLiOHconcentration9.4%highercomparedtotheuseofa 14 wt% LiCl solution. However, this implies a 76.9% higher Cl− content (see Test 1 and 3 in Figure 11b compares SEC and CE for the process at 1000 A∙m−2 for initial LiCl solu- tions of 14 wt% and 25 wt% according to Tests 1 and 3, respectively. For Test 1, with 14 wt% LiCl solution, when concentrating the LiOH solution from 1.98 wt% to 4.05 wt%, SEC increased by 25.6% and CE decreased by 19.9%. Meanwhile, for Test 3, with 25 wt% LiCl solution, when concentrating the LiOH solution from 1.93 wt% to 4.43 wt%, SEC increased by 9.5% and CE decreased by 11.8%. With 14 wt% LiCl solution, a 12.9% lower SEC andPDF Image | Bipolar Membrane Electrodialysis for LiOH Production
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