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Membranes 2020, 10, 198 18 of 21 Results indicate that product purity was between 93.65 and 99.93%, while specific electrical consumption ranged from 7.25 to 15.24 kWh/kg LiOH at cell current densities between 1200 and 3600 A/m2. In the literature, specific electrical consumption varies between 5 to 15 kWh/kg LiOH at different operating conditions [29], obtaining at best a result of 5 kWh/kg LiOH from a similar initial catholyte concentration (approximately 2.4 wt% LiOH). Our specific electrical consumption results were similar to those previously reported. In relation to the amount of impurities obtained in other studies, Brown [28] indicates obtaining a product not containing more than 0.5% of cations other than lithium and not more than about 0.05% anions other than hydroxyl. In the present work, the percentage of other cations was between 0.05% and 0.11% and the lowest presence of Cl− in catholyte was 0.01 wt% in experiment 9 at 25 ◦C. In this work, it is determined that current density and cathode type have an impact on electrical consumption. In a similar way, it was observed that membrane thickness impacts product purity. On the other hand, there were two variables influencing both specific electrical consumption and product purity. These are electrolyte temperature and initial catholyte concentration. In order to ensure a high purity of the product with a low electricity consumption, the optimum conditions must be found. It is possible that working at temperatures above 80 ◦C causes a decrease in the membrane’s ion exchange capacity and promotes structural changes thereof. In fact, several previous studies have demonstrated that temperature significantly impacts upon NF membrane performance. According to Goosen et al. [42], the polymeric membrane is sensitive to changes in feed temperature. They reported an increase of up to 60% in permeate flux when the feed temperature was increased from 20◦C to 40 ◦C. A linear relation between temperature and water flux by NF performances has been reported [43]. It is explained that flux increase with temperature is attributed to membrane material thermal expansion. In a study on the effect of temperature on permeation characteristics of NF membranes, Sharma et al. [44] suggested that with increasing temperature, the average pore size increases and pore density decreases because thermal expansion of the polymer constitutes the active layer on thin-film composite membranes. This could be the cause of reduction in rejection of organic solutes by NF membranes with increasing temperature. An optimum current density allows a high rate of LiOH generation at low energy cost. If current density is low, ion migration is controlled and has low specific electrical consumption. However, LiOH generation rate is slow and may not meet the desired production requirements on an industrial scale. For operating conditions in this work, it was determined that for high energy efficiency and acceptable production rate, the current density should not exceed 2400 A/m2. Electrolyte temperature and concentration impact on product purity and specific electrical consumption were studied. Changes in any of these variables simultaneously cause increased electrical consumption and higher purity, or vice versa. It was found that working at low temperatures reduced Cl− leakage to catholyte, however, electrolytic conductivity was lower and higher specific electrical consumption was obtained. Heating the electrolyte would help reduce electrical consumption at the cost of heat consumption increase. The highest purity was obtained at a 75◦C temperature, however, high electrical consumption was obtained (11.65–13.73 kWh/kg LiOH). For the production of battery grade LiOH·H2O as raw material for cathode materials, the priority is high purity. Cation transport other than lithium through membrane and their presence in the final product depends mainly on initial electrolyte concentration and temperature. These indicate the importance of a proper pre-treatment for impurity removal from natural brines. It must be considered that, in this work, the effect of recirculation flow velocity was not analyzed due to used cell limitations, so finding optimal flow may provide a better scenario with respect to energy consumption. Optimizing and analyzing cell design is the next step in the development effort for this research. A high flow rate would be expected to reduce specific electrical consumption by improving ion transport in the electrolyte and membrane surface boundary layer. This aspect shallPDF Image | Battery Grade Li Hydroxide by Membrane Electrodialysis
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