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Nanomaterials 2023, 13, 680 14 of 20 Figure 9. Scientific literature affiliation country distribution (elaborated by the authors using SCO- PUS© data). The following graph (Figure 10) is based on International Patent Classification and shows the most frequent IPC codes (IPC4). These codes were established by the Strasbourg Agreement of 1971 and provide a hierarchical system of language-independent symbols for the classification of patents according to the different areas of technology to which they pertain. This graph is useful in identifying patents in a domain and in a field that may have multiple uses. In our findings, the most recurrent IPC code is H01M, “Processes or means, e.g., Batteries, for the direct conversion of chemical energy into electrical energy”. Figure 10. Most frequent IPC4. The graph in Figure 11 illustrates the key affiliations in the group of patents analysed (~6500) according to their legal status, which is a good indicator of the level of inventiveness of the active players. This information makes it possible to identify applicants who have withdrawn their patents (abandonment, lapse, and/or expiration) and those who are still maintaining them (applications and patents granted still in force). Indeed, this data is useful for understanding the legal state of patents, and namely the percentage of “alive” (76% of the total amount) and “dead” (24% of the total amount) patents. For the sake of clarity, patents with no expiration events within their predicted term are considered “alive”. Patents that pass their expiration date (20 years) and those with a terminal event (e.g., failure to pay maintenance fees) are considered “dead”. A family remains alive as long as it contains at least one record with an “alive” status. The description of the IPC4 reported in the picture above is provided in Table 1:PDF Image | Role of Graphene in Space Technology
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