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Nanomaterials 2023, 13, 680 11 of 20 ultra-thin flat lenses maintained their structural stability and their capability to achieve aberration-free high-performance images in a broad spectral range. 3.7. Energy and Powering Electrical energy storage devices exploiting the good electrochemical features of graphene have been proposed since 2008 [62], and several graphene-based hybrid materials have been designed for supercapacitor components [63]. Presently, the supercapacitors are considered a new solution for space power supplies because they can overcome the main disadvantages of the lithium-based batteries [64]. These last devices, widely used as the main energy storage systems of satellites flying in low Earth orbits, face problems related to their mass and volume and also troubles when working under low temperature conditions. In this respect, the use of supercapacitors to complement conventional batteries and to assemble high power hybrid energy storage systems that are able to work in a wide temperature range has been proposed [65]. The new type of graphene-based devices, the so-called graphene supercapacitors (GSCs), demonstrated the feasibility to be used also as independent energy storage systems on-board spacecrafts. An interesting example of GSC being specifically designed to be used without a backup of conventional batteries is reported in [66]. Here, GSCs were used as a power supply for the new type of electromagnetic separator systems in Q-SAT missions. The temperature and vacuum adaptability of the GSCs, along with their instantaneous high-power output, were found to match the best requirements of the electromagnets of the separation system, and these innovative supercapacitors guaranteed the unlocking and releasing of Q-SAT in flight on 6 August 2020. 4. Patent and Scientific Literature Analysis In the previous paragraphs, we have examined many different applications of graphene- based materials in space. Most of the information provided above was extrapolated from scientific publications, contracts, etc. However, in this paragraph, we would like to lend a different perspective by providing some quantitative indicators of the scientific literature and patents. In fact, we are aware of how the statistical analysis of patent information and its visualization make a powerful and successful methodology for any competitive intelligence activity centred on technology [67], since the latter can be effectively used to monitor and evaluate technology activities. However, there are some known limitations of patent analysis, for example, the delay between the application and its actual publication, and also the fact that not all innovative activity is patented or even patentable (e.g., high costs, strategic decisions, the need to keep industrial secrets, etc.). This is why, in this paragraph, we integrate the patents’ indicators with those of scientific publications. Thus, considering the information provided above, we hereinafter analyse the overall worldwide patents and literature to evaluate the technology’s evolution in the period 2010–2021. By using two different dedicated databases, namely Orbit Intelligence [68] and El- sevier’s Scopus [69], we created our queries by combining graphene-related keywords with those of space technologies. The technologies associated with the use of graphene in space applications are expanding in a deep, pervasive, and rapid way, affecting the worldwide economy. Here, we explored the most recent evolutions (2010–2021) of both the patent and scientific literature data related to different graphene applications, as reviewed in the previous paragraphs. Patent indicators, complemented with the relevant scientific literature, may provide a clear overview of technology trends and allow the foreseeing of future developments. Although the number of patents is not in itself a sufficiently accurate indicator of the capability of producing new knowledge, data on patent publications, as well as scientific articles, are suitable for characterising the scientific and technological expertise of industries, research institutions, and academia, and to identify possible knowl- edge spill-overs. These types of indicators are also useful for the exploration of technology transfer and open-innovation opportunities.PDF Image | Role of Graphene in Space Technology
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