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ECS Journal of Solid State Science and Technology, 2020 9 093013 Progress in Graphene Synthesis and its Application: History, Challenge and the Future Outlook for Research and Industry Kartika A. Madurani, Suprapto Suprapto, Nur Izzati Machrita, Setyadi Laksono Bahar, Wihda Illiya, and Fredy Kurniawanz Laboratory of Instrumentation and Analytical Sciences, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science and Data Analytics, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Surabaya 60111, Indonesia Graphene is a thin layer carbon material that has become a hot topic of research during this decade due to its excellent thermal conductivity, mechanical strength, current density, electron mobility and surface area. These extraordinary properties make graphene to be developed and applied in various fields. On this basis, researchers are interested to find out the methods to produce high quality graphene for industrial use. Various methods have been developed and reported to produce graphene. This paper was designed to summarize the development of graphene synthesis methods and the properties of graphene products that were obtained. The application of graphene in the various fields of environment, energy, biomedical, sensors, bio-sensors, and heat-sink was also summarized in this paper. In addition, the history, challenges, and prospects of graphene production for research and industrial purposes were also discussed. © 2020 The Author(s). Published on behalf of The Electrochemical Society by IOP Publishing Limited. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial No Derivatives 4.0 License (CC BY- NC-ND, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/), which permits non-commercial reuse, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is not changed in any way and is properly cited. For permission for commercial reuse, please email: permissions@ioppublishing.org. [DOI: 10.1149/2162-8777/abbb6f] Manuscript submitted June 10, 2020; revised manuscript received September 15, 2020. Published October 12, 2020. This paper is part of the JSS Focus Issue on 2D Layered Materials: From Fundamental Science to Applications. Graphene is a type of carbon allotrope that is very popular in the research and industry sector today.1–3 This material has a single layer of carbon atoms and it is the basic structure of other carbon allotropes, such as charcoal, graphite, fullerene and carbon nanotubes.4–6 Graphene have better physical properties compared to other materials, such as high thermal conductivity (5000 Wm−1 K−1),7 high electron mobility (250,000 cm2V−1 s−1),8 high Young modulus values (1.0 TPa),9 large surface area (2630 m2 g−1),10 and better electrical conductivity and optical transmittance.11 On this basis, graphene can replace conventional materials in a variety of applications and industries.10,12–20 In general, graphene can be synthesized using mechanical exfoliation,1,6,21 arc-discharge,22–24 and chemical vapor deposition or CVD.16,25,26 Other methods for graphene synthesis were also developed such as chemical reduction,27–29 sonochemicals,30–32 electrochemicals15,33,34 and laser ablation.35–37 All these methods were developing very rapidly with various types of modifications being made to produce high quality graphene. The conditions of synthesis and selection of precursor chemicals greatly affect the quality of graphene. This paper reports the progress of the latest methods and their modifications to obtain graphene with good quality. The general history of graphene production and application is explained in this paper. In addition, the challenges and prospects in the production of graphene for research and industrial purposes were also discussed. Graphene for Research and Industry Graphene has some excellent properties to make it extremely appealing for applications in many fields such as energy, environ- ment, future material, biomedical, and sensor, bio-sensor and heat- sink (Fig. 1). Those wide application shows that graphene has a high commercial value. Taking this into account, the commercial impact of graphene is quite likely to increase in the future. Scientists have also found a way to transform graphene from a material ideal only for fundamental studies to an engineering material, which gives further alternative substantial solutions for industrial and consumer needs. In regard to their applications, research and industry are much related to each other and cannot be separated. Industries cannot develop without research, whereas the results of research will be zE-mail: fredy@chem.its.ac.id meaningless if they cannot be utilized in industrially scale. In this section, each of the applications of graphene in several fields is reviewed. Energy fields.—One of the main concerns for today is the availability of renewable and clean energy. In response, scientists have made great efforts on seeking and designing materials that have the right properties for energy storage technology. Energy storage technology is found in solar cell, fuel cell, batteries, and super- capacitors. Useful properties of graphene such as high mechanical flexibility, high specific surface area, ultra-thinness, good electrical conductivity, and high theoretical capacitance can be used for energy storage technology.38–40 Graphene have been used and thoroughly researched for lithium ion batteries, flexible or micro-supercapaci- tors, lithium air batteries, lithium-sulfur batteries, electrode for fuel cell and solar cell. On this basis, ultra-high specific surface area of graphene is needed for large ion storage in electric double layer capacitors, whereas functionalized graphene is needed for anchoring other active species in batteries. Highly flexible and conductive graphene-based membranes may also be used as either interlayers or current collectors in lithium-sulfur batteries. Graphene with a macro porous structure is substantial for catalytic growth/decomposition and accommodation of lithium batteries.40–44 Environmental fields.—Environmental protection has also be- come another major issue during this decade. Environmental issues should receive more attention in order to maintain the sustainability of the planet Earth. Strategies for pollution treatments have received more interest to be researched. Zhao et al., (2012) reported that graphene is a good sorbent, as well as being able to be recycled.38 It was proven that graphene can adsorb liquids up to 600 times heavier than its own weight. Graphene can also perform exceptionally well when adsorbing gasoline until it reaches an adsorption of 2.77 × 102 gg−1. Other substances that graphene could adsorb include ethanol, olive oil, nitrobenzene, acetone, and dimethyl sulfoxide. Graphene was also investigated for desalination technology.45–49 It should be noted that an essential property of graphene when it comes to environmental treatment and technology is its surface area. Biomedical fields.—Academicians and scientists have been in- vestigating the feasibility of implementing graphene in biomedical industry.50 It was reported that several outstanding properties of graphene, such as its high opacity, high chemical reaction, andPDF Image | Progress in Graphene Synthesis
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