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ACS Nano www.acsnano.org Article EXPERIMENTAL METHODS Exfoliation was performed using a plasma spray system (Oerlikon Metco, Switzerland) which uses a 9MB gun (Nozzle: GH 9MB733A). Refer to Supporting Information Movie S1 for the exfoliation process. Argon served as primary gas, while hydrogen was used as secondary gas for generating the plasma. All gases are 99.9% pure and were procured from Praxair Gasses Inc., India, unless otherwise mentioned. In a typical experiment, the graphite powder (procured from Sigma- Aldrich, Supporting Information S3) was fed into the powder feeder without any pretreatment. Argon was introduced inside the powder feeder and the chamber pressure was maintained at 20 Pa. The powder feeder was subjected to thorough vibration using an air vibrator (pressure: 10 Pa) for avoiding agglomeration of graphite powder. The argon (also used as carrier gas) carried the graphite powder through a coaxial cable (diameter: 1 mm) into the plasma gun. Powder feed rate was maintained at 120 g/h for all experiments. A custom-made inert atmosphere shroud which uses argon was fitted in the plasma gun to mimic inert atmosphere around the gun while in operation. An in-flight particle diagnostic sensor was positioned perpendicular 75 mm from the nozzle exit. More details about the main plasma spray system, shroud attachment, and in-flight particle diagnostic sensor is discussed in Supporting Information S2. The main plasma parameters varied throughout are the plasma power, P (10−40 kW) and primary gas flow G (80−140 SCFH), where the numbers in brackets correspond to the range of values used in this work (Supporting Information S4). A large number of experiments were performed at designated parameters (Supporting Information S5). After spraying, the resultant powders were centrifuged (1000 rpm, 1 h) to remove any unexfoliated graphite. The characterization methods used in this work and proof-of-concepts are all described in much greater detail in Supporting Information 21. ASSOCIATED CONTENT *sı Supporting Information The Supporting Information is available free of charge at https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsnano.0c09451. Overview of graphene synthesis at high temperature, details of DC plasma system, optimization of spray parameters, characterizations of graphite and exfoliated graphene, cost and yield calculation, a table of comparison and detailed application setup (PDF) Movie S1: Plasma spray exfoliation of graphite to graphene (MPG) AUTHOR INFORMATION Corresponding Author Anup Kumar Keshri − Plasma Spray Coating Laboratory, Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Patna, Bihar 801106, India; orcid.org/0000- 0001-6929-5810; Phone: +91-612-3028184; Email: anup@iitp.ac.in Authors Aminul Islam − Plasma Spray Coating Laboratory, Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Patna, Bihar 801106, India Biswajyoti Mukherjee − Plasma Spray Coating Laboratory, Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Patna, Bihar 801106, India Krishna Kant Pandey − Plasma Spray Coating Laboratory, Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Patna, Bihar 801106, India Complete contact information is available at: https://pubs.acs.org/10.1021/acsnano.0c09451 Author Contributions #A.I. and B.M. contributed equally to this work. Notes The authors declare no competing financial interest. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Authors A. Islam, B. Mukherjee, K. K. Pandey, and A. K. Keshri, gratefully acknowledge the Indian Institute of Technology Patna for providing laboratory resources and financial support. A.I. also acknowledges SERB IMPRINT-II ( IMP/2018/000620) for his fellowship assistance. Authors wish to thank O.S. Asiq Rahman for helpful discussions. The authors acknowledge SAIF, IIT Bombay for providing the HRTEM facility. Centre for Nanoscience, IIT Kanpur is also acknowledged for providing characterization facilities. REFERENCES (1) Barkan, T. Graphene: The Hype versus Commercial Reality. Nat. Nanotechnol. 2019, 14, 904−906. (2) Kong, W.; Kum, H.; Bae, S.-H.; Shim, J.; Kim, H.; Kong, L.; Meng, Y.; Wang, K.; Kim, C.; Kim, J. Path towards Graphene Commercialization from Lab to Market. Nat. Nanotechnol. 2019, 14, 927−938. (3) Kauling, A. P.; Seefeldt, A. T.; Pisoni, D. P.; Pradeep, R. C.; Bentini, R.; Oliverra, R. V. 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