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of cell damage has been observed for low levels of GO.452 Given their lytic activity, GO and lipid-associated FLG inhibited alamarBlue reduction at low concentrations (>10 g/ml), similar to possible mitochondrial damage with ROS production.215 Presumably related to the greater uptake and transport in macrophages, higher concentrations were inhibitory for the solvent and surfactant-exfoliated FLG.214, 215, 377 HSA association with pristine FLG may be expected in cell studies, where culture media is supplemented by blood serum, but this did not mask differences in the short term, where the FLG was produced by prior adsorption of other molecules (e.g., lipids, surfactant). Though albumin would normally be recycled out of macrophages and other cells, to maintain blood circulation, murine macrophages were selected because human serum albumin is not bound by the murine recycling receptor and is catabolised.455 Even so, albumin-exfoliated FLG was least inhibitory with no dose response suggesting albumin adsorption minimised intracellular effects on reductive metabolism. 9.6.2. Graphene oxide characterisation Figure 9.13: Representative AFM images and Raman spectrum of GO prepared by Hummer’s method.166, 294 (a) Height sensor image showing aggregated GO flakes spread on a silicon wafer (with substrate surface contaminants/undried water bubbles). Corresponding (b) line scan showing apparent thickness of ~ 1 nm for monolayer GO flake. (c) Representative Raman spectra of GO showing D and G band with FWHM(D) ~125 cm-1 and FWHM(G) ~120 cm-1 and 𝐼𝐷⁄𝐼𝐺 ~1, typical of disordered basal plane with functional groups. Samples were prepared by spin coating (1000 rpm, 30 s) ~1 ml of GO dispersion as prepared (concentration ~2.5 mg/ml) on a silicon wafer, followed by drying on a hot plate at ~60 oC for 15 min. Appendix 253PDF Image | PRODUCTION AND APPLICATIONS OF GRAPHENE AND ITS COMPOSITES
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