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9.6.1.2. Results Graphene materials have been reported to act on cell membranes and mitochondria5, 202-204, 371, which were considered here by well-established assays for cell lysis and reductive metabolic activity of cells using the alamarBlue assay. Figure 9.12: Different response of cell types to graphene preparations. (a) Neat organic solvent effect on the activity of breast cancer cells (MCF-7) estimated by the alamarBlue assay, where 0.1 v/v% was the upper solvent limit used (dotted green line, Red trace – DMF, Blue trace - NMP). (b) Lysis of horse erythrocytes by 30 min treatment at 37 oC with graphene preparations where absorbance at 550 nm of haemoglobin released is scaled against Triton X-100 detergent-treated (100 %) and untreated (0 %) erythrocytes. Effect of graphene preparations on the alamarBlue activity of (c) breast cancer cells (MCF-7) activity and (d) macrophages (J774A.1). Cells were incubated with preparations for 24 h at 37 oC under 5 % CO2, before further incubation with Reazurin for 6 h to perform the alamarBlue assay, where cell activity (%) is expressed here as fluorescence measured scaled against media only (0 %) and cells similarly incubated media without graphene (100 %). All data is the mean of 4 replicates. Red blood cells serve as model non-phagocytic cells, where activity of the graphene preparations is likely to involve direct penetration of cell membranes with loss of cytosol, including hemoglobin where membrane activity is cytolytic. Organic solvents may also cause lytic damage to cell membranes. Though cells could withstand higher Appendix 250PDF Image | PRODUCTION AND APPLICATIONS OF GRAPHENE AND ITS COMPOSITES
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