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8. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORKS 8.1. CONCLUSIONS This thesis has explored various LPE production methods for pristine FLG in both organic and in aqueous media. The graphene produced in aqueous media facilitated its use in toxicological examinations. Moreover, epoxy-based composite coatings made from graphene, produced using LPE, MC, and CVD processes, were investigated as wide-area Raman-based strain sensor applications. The main results of this thesis are summarised below: ο· Firstly, FLG was successfully produced by sonicating natural graphite in an ultrasonic bath in organic solvents such as NMP and DMF to produce FLG/NMP and FLG/DMF. The concentration of the dispersion was found to increase with sonication time and decrease with centrifugation speed. Dispersions produced with higher centrifugations speeds were found to be stable over six months without any visible sedimentation. AFM was used to characterise the exfoliation efficiency. It was found that the higher the sonication time the lower the πΏπ΄πΉπ and π. Similar behaviour was observed while using different centrifugation speeds. This suggests that smaller and thinner flakes dominate the dispersions produced at longer sonication time and higher centrifugation speed. Statistical analysis by AFM revealed the πΏπ΄πΉπ ranged from ~300 to 80 nm and π ranged between ~8 β 3 for various conditions used. Despite flakes having relatively small γπΏγ ~ 130 nm, samples produced at 60 hr sonication and 6000 rpm centrifugation speeds were the best of all preparations with π1β5βππ % ~ 80 % whilst maintaining stable dispersion. Raman spectroscopy was used to understand the quality of the flakes. The Raman spectra of all the samples exhibited a symmetric 2D band and its position, FWHM(2D) along with πΌ2π·βπΌπΊ ratio indicates that the graphene was few-layer in nature. By probing the πΌπ·βπΌπΊ ratio along with πΌπ·βπΌπ·β², it was shown that the intense D band are from the edges that are formed during the sonication process, and not because of any new basal plane defects. This shows that the sonication is a non-destructive process with regards to the introduction of any new basal plane defects. The πΏπ ππππ was also derived from the πΌπ·βπΌπΊ which compares to πΏπ΄πΉπ with a relative error of ~17 %. The potential for Chapter 8 β Conclusions and Future Works 235PDF Image | PRODUCTION AND APPLICATIONS OF GRAPHENE AND ITS COMPOSITES
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