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Chapter 6 – Production of Few Layer Graphene in Aqueous Media for Biological Studies 6. PRODUCTION OF FEW LAYER GRAPHENE IN AQUEOUS MEDIA FOR BIOLOGICAL STUDIES1 6.1. INTRODUCTION Graphene-based materials (GBMs), due to their exceptional properties, have gained much interest in recent years in the biomedical field with potential applications in biosensors, tissue engineering and drug delivery.197-202 These biomedical applications combined with the wide use of graphene in laboratories, resulted in a strong need for the study of the environmental health and safety issues associated with graphene,203, 204 leading to several toxicity studies.5, 205, 206 GBMs exist in different forms: SLG, FLG (2-10 layers), GO, rGO, ultrafine graphite (more than 10 layers but less than 100 nm thick), GNRs and graphene dots. The biocompatibility of GBMs is expected to vary with the graphene type.5 Recent reviews have shown that the biological responses of GBMs vary depending on the number of layers, layer dimensions, stiffness, hydrophobicity, surface functionalities, purity and dosage of the material.5, 203 The environmental health and safety of graphene has been complicated and confused by the bias of the studies to date towards functionalised or GO-based, with few studies considering pristine graphene.207 Biomedical investigation with rationally-selected and carefully-characterised graphene materials has been urged to study interactions with cells, tissues and organisms.370 As highlighted by Bianco, the extrinsic properties of graphene, such as surface chemistry, play a major part in determining the in vivo and in vitro toxicity.5 Most available studies concerns GO, rGO or functionalised-GO, mainly due to their stability in aqueous media.5, 209, 210, 371, 372 GO cytotoxicity includes biomembrane and inflammatory damage, diminished by some chemical modifications,373 and oxidative degradation, resulting in holes as basal plane defects,374 which could potentially result in highly toxic polyaromatic hydrocarbon type compounds. 1 This work is a part of Graphene Environmental Health & Safety (EHS) Working Group, a collaborative project between School of Materials and Manchester Pharmacy School, funded by Dean of Engineering and Physical Science Faculty, University of Manchester. UK. 161PDF Image | PRODUCTION AND APPLICATIONS OF GRAPHENE AND ITS COMPOSITES
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