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Chapter 5 – Production of Few Layer Graphene in Organic Solvents Figure 5.2: Concentration of graphene produced in (a) NMP and (b) DMF after centrifugation as a function of sonication time. One of the objectives of this study was to obtain high concentrations of graphene dispersions in order to prepare epoxy-based composites for strain sensor applications (Chapter 7). Thus following the results for the FLG/NMP dispersions, only samples longer than 24 hr sonication were studied for FLG/DMF dispersions. Figure 5.2b shows the concentration against sonication time. As expected, the concentration shows a similar trend to that of the FLG/NMP dispersions, with a maximum concentration attained at 60 hr. The maximum concentrations obtained were 0.24 ± 0.02 mg/ml, 0.15 ± 0.01 mg/ml, and 0.1 ± 0.02 mg/ml at 2000 rpm, 6000 rpm, and 10000 rpm, respectively. 5.2.2. AFM characterisation It is critical to establish the exfoliation efficiency (degree of exfoliation) of the various production conditions followed. TEM is widely used in the literature to determine the flake size and number of layers. In TEM, the number of layers can be determined both by electron diffraction pattern analysis and, less reliably, by the edge counting method, which requires a very high resolution image.48, 54, 61, 112, 262, 350 AFM can also be used to obtain the size and thickness distribution of the flakes by depositing dispersions on various substrates.91, 121 The AFM samples were prepared by spray coating the graphene dispersions on freshly cleaved mica sheets. The degree of aggregation of flakes was reduced by spraying onto pre-heated mica sheets so that the solvent flash evaporated away. 135PDF Image | PRODUCTION AND APPLICATIONS OF GRAPHENE AND ITS COMPOSITES
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