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Chapter 3 – Raman Spectroscopy of Graphene and Graphene-based Strain Sensors shift rate, hence direct comparison of shift rates/interfacial stress transfer are not possible. The experimental studies using AFM revealed the Young’s modulus of SLG is 1 TPa,29 making SLG attractive for polymer reinforcement. Whereas, studies conducted on model graphene composites on various graphene layers, including SLG, BLG, TLG and many-layer graphene by probing Raman 2D band shift rates, suggests this might not be the case. Gong et al.274 have reported that BLG with a top polymer coat behaves similar to SLG having same shift rate, and for BLG without a top polymer coat has lower shift rate than SLG, suggesting poor stress transfer between the layers of flake, similar to CNTs.8 The TLG and many-layer graphene had further lower shift rates compared to SLG and BLG suggesting, again confirming the stress transfer between the flakes are poor. Despite this observation, they have showed that more volume fraction of graphene between the minimum separations of polymer chains (> 1 nm) is required for effective reinforcement. It was found that the optimum number of layers to effectively reinforce the polymer matrix is 3-4 layers graphene rather than SLG or BLG.4, 274 Figure 3.11: a) Raman 2D band shift with strain for SLG, BLG, TRG and many layer graphene (fitted using single Lorentzian). b) Schematic diagram of the microstructure of graphene-based nanocomposites with SLG and TLG as reinforcements. c) Effective Young’s modulus and maximum volume fraction for different polymer layer thickness as function of number of layers. d) Maximum nanocomposite modulus predicted for different polymer layer thickness as a function of number of layers showing optimum number of layers around 3-4 layers.274 89PDF Image | PRODUCTION AND APPLICATIONS OF GRAPHENE AND ITS COMPOSITES
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