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Chapter 3 – Raman Spectroscopy of Graphene and Graphene-based Strain Sensors Figure 3.9: a, b) Deformation patterns for a discontinuous flake in a polymer matrix. c) Optical micrograph showing SLG. d) Schematic diagram (not to scale) of composite showing the sandwich arrangement. e and f) Variation of axial strain with position across the SLG in x-direction at 0.4 % and 0.6 % matrix strain, respectively.32 g) Representation of flake strain with respect to flake size using Shear-lag theory. Figure 3.9e shows the variation of axial strain (determined from the Raman 2D band shift with strain) with position across the SLG in the x-direction at 0.4 % applied matrix strain. It can be seen that the strain builds up from the edges of the flake and reaches the maximum in the middle and eventually falls off on the other end. This behaviour is analogous to short fibre reinforcement as explained by Shear-lag model. Increasing the applied strain to 0.6 % results in interface failure as evidenced in Figure 3.9f, suggesting poor interfacial adhesion. This is reflected in the measured interfacial shear stress (ISS) at edges of flake which is ~ 1 MPa, an order of magnitude lower than carbon fibre composites (~20 – 40 MPa).287 In case of fibre reinforcement, critical length, 𝑙𝑐, 2× the distance over the strain rises from fibre ends to 90 % of the plateau level, is an important parameter, and is given by, 86PDF Image | PRODUCTION AND APPLICATIONS OF GRAPHENE AND ITS COMPOSITES
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