PRODUCTION AND APPLICATIONS OF GRAPHENE AND ITS COMPOSITES

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PRODUCTION AND APPLICATIONS OF GRAPHENE AND ITS COMPOSITES ( production-and-applications-graphene-and-its-composites )

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Chapter 3 ā€“ Raman Spectroscopy of Graphene and Graphene-based Strain Sensors 3.2. RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY OF GRAPHENE Raman spectroscopy has proved its integral part in characterising carbon-based materials, especially graphene.9 The main Raman bands of graphene are D (around 1350 cm-1), G (around 1580 cm-1) and 2D band (around 2700 cm-1), among which the most prominent bands are G and 2D bands (Figure 3.2a). Figure 3.2: a) Raman spectra of bulk graphite and SLG (2.41 eV) showing the prominent G and 2D bands.48 b) Raman spectrum of a graphene edge showing the defect induced D and Dā€™ bands (2.41 eV).240 3.2.1. Raman bands of graphene The G band is a first-order Raman scattering process, associated with the doubly degenerated E2g phonon at the Brillouin zone centre, and common to all sp2 carbon systems.48 The two phonons responsible for G band are (Figure 3.3a,b): in-plane transverse optical phonon (iTO) and longitudinal optical phonon (LO), having same frequency at the Brillouin zone centre. The G band is a single resonance process as seen in Figure 3.3c.9 Figure 3.3: Schematic representation of Raman active E2g mode.241 a) LO phonon mode, b) iTO phonon mode. c) First order G band process.240 The D band is a first-order Raman scattering process, associated with the A1g radial breathing modes of hexagon rings (Figure 3.4a).9, 242 The activation mechanism for D band 74

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