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Chapter 3 – Raman Spectroscopy of Graphene and Graphene-based Strain Sensors 3. RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY OF GRAPHENE AND GRAPHENE-BASED STRAIN SENSORS Among all the characterisation techniques used for graphene, Raman spectroscopy plays a major role mainly due to its simplicity and range of information that can be obtained. In this chapter, a short introduction to Raman spectroscopy and the characteristics of Raman bands of graphene are presented. Additionally, application of graphene as strain sensors and a brief introduction to existing strain gauge technology are also presented. 3.1. RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY Raman spectroscopy is a form of molecular spectroscopy based on the Raman Effect or Raman scattering.238 When light (photons) interacts with any material or matter, some of the photons may be absorbed, reflected, transmitted or scattered. Most of the scattered photons have the same frequency (and thus energy) as that of the incident beam and this elastic process is called Rayleigh scattering. A very small number of the scattered (1 in 106-108) photons have a different frequency than the incident beam and these are due to Raman scattering (inelastic scattering).239 These inelastic scatterings are characteristic of the chemical bonds present in the molecule allowing identification of the samples. Figure 3.1: a) Schematic representation of Raman Effect. b) Schematic representation of the energy level diagram of Rayleigh, Stokes and anti-Stokes Raman scattering.239 72PDF Image | PRODUCTION AND APPLICATIONS OF GRAPHENE AND ITS COMPOSITES
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