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large-area transfer process was facilitated by the nascent gas bubbles and capillary bridges between the graphene film and underlying substrate.163 2.3.5.2. Thermal decomposition of silicon carbide Transfer free wafer-scale graphene can be produced by thermal decomposition of silicon carbide (SiC). In this process, the SiC substrates are annealed at higher temperatures (1000-1600 oC) under ultrahigh vacuum conditions, results in Si atom sublimation and graphitisation of remaining C atoms forming epitaxial graphene. In general, by optimising the growth conditions, thickness of graphene can be controlled on Si-terminated face thereby producing FLG,164 whereas, on C-terminated face MLG are commonly formed.165 Unlike the Si-face, the nucleation occurs throughout the C-face and the resulting number of graphene layers is not homogenous. Recently, very high 𝜇 on a 40 nm wide graphene nanoribbon (GNR) grown on the Si-face of (0001) SiC was demonstrated. Ballistic conductance (4 K) of ~6 × 106 cm2/(Vs) over length scales greater than 10 nm was observed for such GNRs.26 2.4. PRODUCTION, STRUCTURE AND PROPERTIES OF GRAPHENE OXIDE 2.4.1. Production of Graphene oxide One of the most popular alternatives for producing LPE of graphene-based materials is via graphene oxide (GO) route. In this method, the graphite is normally oxidised to form graphite oxide, which with aid of ultrasonication exfoliated into individual GO sheets in various solvents. The most commonly used method for oxidising graphite is Hummers’ method that includes strong oxidising agents like potassium permanganate, nitric acid and sulphuric acid.166 The oxidisation results in functionalising the basal plane and edges of graphite with epoxy, hydroxyl and carbonyl groups. These functional groups increases the interlayer distance of graphite oxide, and upon exfoliation, the hydrophilic nature of the functional groups facilitates excellent stability of GO in water.167 GO is highly negative charged due to the ionisation of the functional groups, that renders stability in water, alcohols, and certain organic solvents168 without any surfactants by electrostatic repulsion.167 Chapter 2 – Graphene: Properties and Production 60PDF Image | PRODUCTION AND APPLICATIONS OF GRAPHENE AND ITS COMPOSITES
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