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Chapter 2 β Graphene: Properties and Production Figure 2.9: a) A Silverson model L5M high-shear mixer with mixing head in a 5L beaker graphene dispersion and the rotor-stator close-up.127 b) FLG/NMP dispersions produced by shear exfoliation. c) Wide-field TEM and HRTEM of shear exfoliated graphene sheets.127 d) Schematic of FLG production using kitchen blender and possible exfoliation mechanisms.128 e,f) AFM images and height profiles of FLG produced by kitchen blender.128 Whereas, Yi et al.128 and Varalla et al.129 have exploited the turbulent flow in the kitchen blender, produced by the rotating blade mixer, to produce FLG in DMF and aqueous media (πΆπΊ β 1 mg/ml129), respectively. Unlike rotor-stator, high shear regions are not localised in kitchen blender, and can be maintained if the turbulence is fully developed. The combination of various fluid dynamic events including, viscous shear, turbulence, collisions, were considered as the main exfoliation mechanisms.128, 129 Such techniques show a promising way for large-scale graphene production (Figure 2.9d,e,f). 2.3.4.2. Sonication free LPE Pu et al. have shown FLG can be produced by intercalation and exfoliation using supercritical CO2.130 The graphite was immersed in supercritical CO2 for 30 min followed by rapid depressurising the supercritical fluid to expand and exfoliate graphite. The FLG were collected by discharging the expanding CO2 gas directly into a solution containing SDS to avoid aggregation or restacking. TEM and AFM analysis show the FLG are ~10 layers.130 Behabtu et al. have demonstrated spontaneous exfoliation of graphite to graphene using chlorosulphonic acid with isotropic concentrations of πΆπΊ β 2 mg/ml.131 54PDF Image | PRODUCTION AND APPLICATIONS OF GRAPHENE AND ITS COMPOSITES
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