PRODUCTION AND APPLICATIONS OF GRAPHENE AND ITS COMPOSITES

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PRODUCTION AND APPLICATIONS OF GRAPHENE AND ITS COMPOSITES ( production-and-applications-graphene-and-its-composites )

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Chapter 2 – Graphene: Properties and Production been shown that the best solvents for dispersing graphene have surface energy of 70-80 mJ/m2 (corresponding surface tension of 40-50 mJ/m2).54 Contact angle measurements estimate the surface energy of graphite to be ~55 mJ/m2.66 Some solvents (not limited to) like benzyl benzoate, 1-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone (NMP), N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) and ortho-dichlorobenzene (o-DCB) with 𝛾 values of 45.95 mJ/m2, 40.1 mJ/m2, 37.1 mJ/m2, and 36.6 mJ/m2, respectively, are generally classified as best solvents for exfoliating graphene.54 Whereas, other solvents like water, ethanol and chloroform with 𝛾 values of 72.8 mJ/m2, 22.1 mJ/m2, and 27.5 mJ/m2, respectively, are poor solvents for direct exfoliation of graphene.53 Figure 2.6: a) SEM image of starting graphite (scale bar-500 μm)54. b) Graphene dispersions (A – 6 μg/ml) obtained by sonication and centrifugation in NMP.54 c) Graphene concentration measured after centrifugation for various solvents plotted versus solvent surface tension and surface energy.54 d,e) Bright field TEM image of monolayer and multilayer, respectively.54 f) HRTEM images of folded edge of single layer48. g,h) Electron diffraction pattern of monolayer and multilayer, respectively3. i) Histogram of number of layers per flake from TEM measurements54. j) AFM image of graphene produced by LPE in NMP and (k) the corresponding height profile54. l) Raman spectra of bulk graphite and vacuum filtered graphene films from LPE process54. m) C1s XPS spectrum of a thin film of graphene flakes from LPE process3. Contributions from residual solvents are highlighted using arrow marks. 37

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