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dispersion of graphite in solvent, (ii) exfoliation and (iii) โpurificationโ (Removing unexfoliated flakes, usually centrifugation). The general exfoliation principle using ultrasonication is explained in section 4.1.2.1. Figure 2.5: Schematic representation of the LPE process of graphite into graphene using organic solvents and surfactant molecules53 The LPE yield can be estimated by measuring the concentration of graphene (๐ถ๐บ) in the dispersion by using UV-Vis spectroscopy and exploiting the Beer-Lambert law (see section 4.1.2).54 The degree of exfoliation can be determined by analysing the number of layers in a flake (๐) using TEM, AFM and/or Raman spectroscopy. In TEM, ๐ can be obtained by electron diffraction pattern (Figure 2.6g,h) or counting the edges of the flake (Figure 2.6f).48 Whereas in AFM, ๐ can be calculated by dividing the graphite interlayer distance to the thickness of the deposited flake (Figure 2.6j,k) on a specific substrate, as the thickness of SLG is shown to be substrate dependent.47 Raman spectroscopy is generally used to determine the degree of exfoliation as it is sensitive to change in number of layers (Figure 2.4c and Figure 2.6l).48 However, advancements in understanding the Raman spectroscopy of graphene on the effect of doping,55 edges,56 defects,57 and oxidation58 had resulted in gaining information on the quality of the exfoliated flakes in addition to other techniques such as high-resolution TEM (HRTEM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) (Figure 2.6). Since LPE methods are often Chapter 2 โ Graphene: Properties and Production 35PDF Image | PRODUCTION AND APPLICATIONS OF GRAPHENE AND ITS COMPOSITES
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