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Young’s modulus then is determined from the force-depth curve. The estimated Young’s modulus and strength of monolayer graphene was ~1 TPa and ~130 GPa respectively.29 Such impressive properties can be attributed to the robustness of in-plane covalent sp2 bond which makes it the strongest material known.4, 29 Graphene is also shown to elastically stretch up to 20 %.29 Figure 2.3: a) SEM image of a graphene monolayer covering an array of circular holes (1-1.5 μm), scale bar – 3 μm. b) Schematic representation of the nanoindentation on a suspended monolayer graphene. c) AFM image of the fractured graphene sheet.29 Using density functional theory, Liu et al. have estimated the Young’s modulus and strength of SLG to be ~1.05 TPa and 107-121 GPa, respectively, which are in excellent agreement to the experimentally calculated values.30 Similar values for Young’s modulus of graphene was obtained from other methods such as resonators31 and Raman spectroscopy.4, 32, 33 Moreover graphene is impermeable to all the gases including helium.34 Change in resistivity values, mainly because of the change in Fermi levels, were observed when individual gas molecules adsorb on graphene surface making it a highly sensitive gas detector.35 2.2.3. Other properties Graphene has outstanding thermal properties. The intrinsic thermal conductivity of SLG was measured between 3000-5000 W/(mK),36 and decreases as the number of layers increases (1300 W/(mK) for 4 layers) approaching value for bulk graphite.37 High thermal conductivity leads to efficiently dissipate heat, making it an excellent choice for thermal management materials.38 SLG absorbs only 2.3 % of the light with negligible reflectance (< 0.1 %).39 Such impressive combinations of mechanical (strength, flexibility and elasticity), optical and Chapter 2 – Graphene: Properties and Production 32PDF Image | PRODUCTION AND APPLICATIONS OF GRAPHENE AND ITS COMPOSITES
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