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1.2 Graphene and Graphene Oxide 3 employed to obtain the single layer graphene. The next three sections describe the three types of chemical methods. 1.2.1 Preparation of Graphene from Graphene Oxide Although the report on single sheets of GO [14, 15] obtained by procedures estab- lished by Staudenmaier and Hummers and Offeman [4–6] had been published, the scientific community largely continued to consider graphite oxide a layered graphitic material. It was not until after the isolation of pristine graphene by micromechanical cleavage that the question was reexamined and it was ascertained that the method developed by Hummers and Offeman produces exfoliated oxi- dized single graphene layers by the dispersion of graphite oxide in water. These chemically prepared monolayers of GO can be considered the precursors for the production of graphene by the removal of the oxygen groups. The precise structure of GO depends on the oxidation process and is still a subject of debate. The most accepted models are the Lerf–Klinowski and the De ́ka ́ny models [16, 17]. Recently Ajayan et al. confirmed that for GO prepared with the protocol that resulted in the Lerf–Klinowski model, ring lactols are present at the edges of the GO sheets (Figure 1.1) [18]. (a) HO (b) O 1 μm OH 10.0 nm 5.0 nm 0.0 nm O HO O O OOH OHO OHHOO OH O O HO HO HO O HOOHO O O Atomic force microscopy (AFM) image and structural model of graphene oxide (GO) sheets. (a) An AFM image of GO sheets on a silicon substrate. O (b) A structural model of GO introduced by Ajayan et al. (Reproduced with permission from [18].) Figure 1.1PDF Image | An Introduction to Graphene
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