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result is that even at 99 % activation, the cell still only delivers about half of the theo- retical capacity of 1675Ah/kgS. In order to access the remaining capacity, changes to the electrode design are needed, preventing the passivation of the carbon|electrolyte interface by film formation, which eventually causes the premature end of discharge. One such measure could be to increase the carbon content in the electrode. Not sur- prisingly, carbon contents of 40–50 % of the positive electrode’s dry weight are often reported in experimental literature [62]. Another approach would be to prevent the formation of the film altogether, e.g. by preventing the dissolution of polysulfides in the liquid electrolyte as discussed in section 2.1. 5.5.2 Transport Transport in the liquid electrolyte is difficult to analyze experimentally. Using the model, however, it can be studied easily by looking at the concentration of dissolved species or the distribution of solids across the cell during discharge. To begin with, the evolution of solids in the positive electrode is shown in Fig. 5.21. 1.0 0.5 0.0 0 50 100 150 200 250 Capacity / Ah/kgS Figure 5.21: Evolution of the average volume fractions of all phases in the positive electrode during a C/50 discharge. For the cell design presented here, only a small fraction of the electrode’s volume is actually affected. Compared to Fig. 5.3, which presents similar results for a much less porous cell, the changes to the volume fractions appear much smaller. Only a few percent of the total volume change during the entire cycle. Another interesting feature of this cell is that a considerable fraction of the sulfur is not present in the solid form during the entire cycle. The ratio of active to passive sulfur for this cell is 2:3 (see above). Even in the void (Argon) electrolyte lithium sulfide sulfur passive Li2S carbon black & binder 121 Volume fractionPDF Image | Lithium-Sulfur Battery: Design, Characterization, and Physically-based Modeling
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