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electrochem Review Lithium-Sulfur Batteries: Advances and Trends Claudia V. Lopez, Charini P. Maladeniya and Rhett C. Smith * Department of Chemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA; cvlopez@g.clemson.edu (C.V.L.); cmalade@g.clemson.edu (C.P.M.) * Correspondence: rhett@clemson.edu Received: 21 April 2020; Accepted: 5 June 2020; Published: 1 July 2020 Abstract: A review with 132 references. Societal and regulatory pressures are pushing industry towards more sustainable energy sources, such as solar and wind power, while the growing popularity of portable cordless electronic devices continues. These trends necessitate the ability to store large amounts of power efficiently in rechargeable batteries that should also be affordable and long-lasting. Lithium-sulfur (Li-S) batteries have recently gained renewed interest for their potential low cost and high energy density, potentially over 2600 Wh kg−1. The current review will detail the most recent advances in early 2020. The focus will be on reports published since the last review on Li-S batteries. This review is meant to be helpful for beginners as well as useful for those doing research in the field, and will delineate some of the cutting-edge adaptations of many avenues that are being pursued to improve the performance and safety of Li-S batteries. Keywords: lithium-sulfur batteries; polysulfide; cathode materials; high sulfur materials Review 1. IntroductionLithium-Sulfur Batteries: Advances and Trends Claudia V. Lopez, Charini P. Maladeniya and Rhett C. Smith * 1.1. General OperDaetpairotmnentof CLheimtishtriyu, Cmlem-soSn Uunlivfeursirty,(CLlemi-soSn,)SCB29a63t4t, UeSrAi;ecvslopez@g.clemson.edu (C.V.L.); cmalade@g.clemson.edu (C.P.M.) * Correspondence: rhett@clemson.edu Lithium-sulfur (Li-S) batteries have emerged as preeminent future battery technologies in large Received: 21 April 2020; Accepted: 5 June 2020; Published: date part due to their impressive theoretical specific energy density of 2600 W h kg−1. This is nearly Abstract: A review with 132 references. Societal and regulatory pressures are pushing industry five times the theoretical energy density of lithium-ion batteries that have found widespread market towards more sustainable energy sources, such as solar and wind power, while the growing popularity of portable cordless electronic devices continues. These trends necessitate the ability to store large amounts of power efficiently in rechargeable batteries that should also be affordable and penetration in applications where high power output is needed in portable consumer devices such as long-lasting. Lithium-sulfur (Li-S) batteries have recently gained renewed interest for their potential low cost and high energy density, potentially over 2600 Wh kg–1. The current review will detail the hand-held electronics and cordless power tools. Discharge in Li-S batteries occurs according to the most recent advances in early 2020. The focus will be on reports published since the last review on two-stageprocesLsi-Ssbhatoterwies.nThisnreSviecwhisemeaent t1oAbe,heslpofultfhorabtegitnhneers mas woelsltassuisemfulpfolritshotsiecdoLinig-Sbatteryisconfiguredasshown research in the field, and will delineate some of the cutting-edge adaptations of many avenues that inScheme1B.WarhebeingpLuris-uSedbtoaimtptroevreitheespewrforemranecefianrdsatfetdyoefsLic-Srbiabtteerieds.,thecathodematerialwassimplyelemental sulfur.MoremoKdeyweorrnds:lcithoiunmfi-suglfurbraattetrieos;nposlyshulfaidve;ceathbodeemnateriamls;hpigrhosuvlfuerdmatberiyalsreplacingelementalsulfurwithhigh sulfur-content materials (HSMs) and supported cathode structures that are more mechanically robust andcanbechem1.iInctraodlluyctiotnuned. 1.1. General Operation of Lithium-Sulfur (Li-S) Batteries Electrochem 2020, 2, FOR PEER REVIEW 2 Lithium-sulfur(Li-S)batterieshaveemergedaspreeminentfuturebatterytechnologies– inlarge part due to their impressive theoretical specific energy density of 2600 W h kg–1. This is nearly five times the theoretical energy density of lithium-ion batteries that have found widespread market v e– Li2Sn Li+ Li+ Li2Sn penetration in applications where high power output is needed in portable consume as hand-held electronics and cordless power tools. Discharge in Li-S batteries occurs a two-stage process shown in Scheme 1A, so that the most simplistic Li-S battery is shown in Scheme 1B. When Li-S batteries were first described, the cathode mater elemental sulfur. More modern configurations have been improved by replacing el with high sulfur-content materials (HSMs) and supported cathode structures mechanically robust and can be chemically tuned. s such to the more Li+ Li Li2Sn 1.2. Summary of Recent Reviews on Li-S Batteries (A) S8 +2e– +2Li+Li2S8 Li2S8 Li2Sn + (8 – n)S Li(–) separator HSM (+) (B) Scheme 1. Discharge reactions in Li-S Batteries (1A) allows Li ions to be shuttled between electrodes Scheme 1. Discharge reactions in Li-S Batteriesa(sArep)resaenltleod iwn thse hLigihlyiosimnpslifitedodibagerams(h1Bu). HttSlMe=dhigbh seutlfwur-ceonetent mealterciatl,rwohidchecosuldas even be elemental sulfur. represented in the highly simplified diagram (B). HSM = high sulfur-content material, which could The promise of Li-S batteries has led to the publication of several excellent reviews in the last even be elemental sulfur. five years. In this section, the topics of those previous reviews will be summarized so that the interested reader may find more detail in those references. The area of perhaps the most emphasis Electrochem 2020, 2, Firstpage-Lastpage; doi: FOR PEER REVIEW has been on devwewlowp.imndgpai.dcovma/njocuerdnacl/aeltehcotrdocehmematerials [1–7]. The solubility and localization or mobility of Li2Sn in contemporary organic electrolytes used in these batteries remains a significant barrier to loss of capacity and poor cycling stability. There is also a need to attenuate reaction of polysulfides and lithium anode materials, and to prevent dendrite growth at the anode interface [13–17]. The role of polysulfides and the shuttling mechanism have been independently reviewed in some detail [[18– 20]. Some efforts to replace the organic polyelectrolytes with more aqueous-based systems, gels [12] or solid-state materials [9,21–24], in which polysulfide solubility may be attenuated and the chemistry Electrochem 2020, 1, 226–259; doi:10.3390/electrochem1030016 www.mdpi.com/journal/electrochem Li-S battery development as well [8–12]. As Li2Sn is solubilized, cathode mass erodes, with attendant r device ccording configu ial was s emental that are red as Li implyLi2Sn sulfur changed to a great extent while still providing promising performance, have been explored asPDF Image | Lithium-Sulfur Batteries: Advances and Trends
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