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Index 437 thermally coupled levels, 370–371 upconverting emission spectrum, 373–375, 375f multiphoton fluorescence bioimaging, 370 relative sensitivity and temperature uncertainty, 375–377, 377f Spatial and temporal resolution definition, 362–363 Mach–Zehnder interferometer, 365 pixel integration time, 364 Raman spectroscopy, 365–366 scanning thermal microscopy (SThM), 363–364 thermoreflectance thermal imaging, 365 Spectral power distribution (SPD), 6–7, 6f Spin-glass (SG) phase transition, 305 Subduction zones, 143–149, 145–146f, 148f Sulfides oxysulfides and AEGa2S4:Eu2+ (AE1⁄4alkaline earth) phosphors, 64–67, 66–67f, 66t AES:Eu2+ (AE1⁄4Ca and Sr) phosphors, 63, 64f Sr8Al12O24S2:Eu2+ phosphors, 64, 65f synthesis methods solid-state synthesis, 86–87 treatments, durability, 87 Superconductivity, 320–321, 322f T Temperature definition, 339 distribution, 341–342 indicator, 348 intracellular, 341 measurement methods, 340 noninvasive spectroscopic methods, 342 Temperature uncertainty dual-center emission calibration, Sr and dT curves, 382, 383f Eu3+/Tb3+ thermometers, 382–383, 384f population storage reservoir, 382–383 single-center emission, 375–377, 377f thermometer performance charge-coupled devices (CCDs), 357 definition, 355–356 experimental determination, 355–356, 359f photodiode arrays (PDAs), 356–357 photomultiplier tubes (PMTs), 357 state-of-the-art values, 357, 358t thermometer size, 361–362, 362f Test–retest reliability. See Repeatability Thermal response rationalizing dual-center emission classification, 377–378 intensity vs. temperature, 378–382, 378f, 381f relative sensitivity and temperature uncertainty, 382–383, 383–384f single-center emission Boltzmann law, 370–373, 371–372f multiphoton fluorescence bioimaging, 370 overlapped transitions, 373–375, 374–375f relative sensitivity and temperature uncertainty, 375–377, 377f Thermometer performance relative thermal sensitivity, 355 repeatability definition, 366 evaluation, 367–368, 368f thermometric probe, 366–368, 367f reproducibility definition, 366 evaluation, 368, 368f spatial and temporal resolution definition, 362–363 Mach–Zehnder interferometer, 365 pixel integration time, 364 Raman spectroscopy, 365–366 scanning thermal microscopy (SThM), 363–364 thermoreflectance thermal imaging, 365 temperature uncertainty charge-coupled devices (CCDs), 357 definition, 355–356 experimental determination, 355–356, 359f photodiode arrays (PDAs), 356–357 photomultiplier tubes (PMTs), 357 state-of-the-art values, 357, 358t thermometer size, 361–362, 362f Traditional contact thermometers, 340–341 Transverse field Ising model, 299 Two-dimensional physics, 317–318 U Ultra-cold gases, 329 Upconverting nanoparticles (UCNPs) advantages, 401–402 core–shell nanostructures, 400–401 drawbacks, 397–398 excitation mechanism, 397 excitation wavelength, 400PDF Image | HANDBOOK ON THE PHYSICS AND CHEMISTRY OF RARE EARTHS
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