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432 Index Lanthanides, luminescent thermometry (Continued) nanoparticles (NPs), 349 NIR-emitting nanoparticles, 401f, 402 organic ligands, 385, 387f quantitative parameters, 403–404 quantum dots (QDs), 348 relative sensitivity, comparison, 353, 354f secondary thermometers, 404–405 shielding, 4f orbitals, 384 siloxane-based hybrid magnetic nanoclusters, 349–350 temperature definition, 339 distribution, 341–342 indicator, 348 intracellular, 341 measurement methods, 340 noninvasive spectroscopic methods, 342 thermal probes, 342–348 thermal response rationalizing dual-center emission, 377–383 single-center emission, 370–377 thermometer performance relative thermal sensitivity, 355 repeatability and reproducibility, 366–368 spatial and temporal resolution, 356–357 temperature uncertainty, 355–362 traditional contact thermometers, 340–341 transient emission intensity response, 349 upconversion nanoparticles (UNCPs) advantage, 401–402 core–shell nanostructures, 400–401 drawbacks, 397–398 excitation mechanism, 397 excitation wavelength, 400 host compounds, 397–398, 398f in vivo upconversion imaging, 400 naked crystals, 402 thermometric performance, 399 working temperature range, 398–399 LEDs. See Light-emitting diodes (LEDs) Li(HoY)F4 ac-susceptibility, 305–306 divergence, ac magnetic susceptibility, 304, 304f experimental phase diagram, 305, 305f Ising criticality, 306–307 nonlinear ac-susceptibility, 305f, 306–307 spin glass (SG) phase transition, 305 Light-emitting diodes (LEDs) advantages, 2 chip-on-board (COB), 89–90, 90f color evaluation indices color-matching functions and CIE, 6–7, 6f color rendering index, 8–9 correlated color temperature (CCT), 7 luminous efficacy of radiation, 8 spectral power distribution (SPD), 6–7, 6f conventional dispensing process, 88–89, 89f conventional packaging, 88, 88f crystal-field effects, luminescence, 14–15, 15f development requirements, 9 energy transfer type phosphors Ba3RNa(PO4)3F:Eu2+,Tb3+, 75–78, 77–78f Y2Si3O3N4:Ce3+,Tb3+, 74–75, 75–76f semiconductor electroluminescence, 2 InGaN LED chips, 92–102 luminescence, 92, 93–101t luminous efficacy improvements, 2, 2f near-UV, 102 (oxy)nitrides blue-emitting phosphors, 45–46 green-emitting phosphors, 46–54 red-emitting phosphors, 54–63 yellow-emitting phosphors, 40–45 oxides green-emitting phosphors, 28–35 nephelauxetic effect, 15 red-emitting phosphors, 35–39 yellow-emitting phosphors, 15–28 oxyhalides oxychlorides, 67–72 oxyfluorides, 72–73 phosphor materials advantages, 2–3 classification, 3–4 requirements, 3 principle, white light generation, 4–5, 4f rare earth ions, features configurational coordinate diagram, 9–11, 10f electronic transitions, 11–12 energy transfer, 12–14 remote phosphor, 90–91, 90f sulfides and oxysulfides AEGa2S4:Eu2+ (AE1⁄4alkaline earth) phosphors, 64–67, 66–67f, 66tPDF Image | HANDBOOK ON THE PHYSICS AND CHEMISTRY OF RARE EARTHS
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