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398 Handbook on the Physics and Chemistry of Rare Earths FIG. 26 UCNPs with high crystallinity and different shapes and sizes. (A) and (B) correspond to NaYF4 and LaF3, respectively, and were prepared by hydrothermal methods. (C) and (D) correspond to NaYF4:Yb3+/Er3+ and LiYF4:Yb3+/Er3+, respectively, and were prepared by decomposition of organic precursors at high temperature in organic solvents. Reproduced with permission from Wang, L., Li, Y. 2006. Na(Y1.5Na0.5)F6 single-crystal nanorods as multicolor luminescent materials. Nano Lett. 6, 1645–1649. © 2006 American Chemical Society; Hu, H., Chen, Z., Cao, T., Zhang, Q., Yu, M., Li, F., Yi, T., Huang, C. 2008. Hydrothermal synthesis of hexagonal lanthanide-doped LaF3 nanoplates with bright upconversion luminescence. Nanotechnology 19, 375702. © 2008 IOP Science; Mahalingam, V., Vetrone, F., Naccache, R., Speghini, A., Capobianco, J.A. 2009. Colloidal Tm3+/Yb3+-doped LiYF4 nanocrystals: multiple luminescence spanning the UV to NIR regions via low-energy excitation. Adv. Mater. 21, 4025–4028. © 2009 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH; and Park, Y.I., Kim, J.H., Lee, K.T., Jeon, K.-S., Na, H.B., Yu, J.H., Kim, H.M., Lee, N., Choi, S.H., Baik, S.-I., Kim, H., Park, S.P., Park, B.-J., Kim, Y.W., Lee, S.H., Yoon, S.-Y., Song, I.C., Moon, W.K., Suh, Y.D., Hyeon, T. 2009. Nonblinking and nonbleaching upconverting nanoparticles as an optical imaging nanoprobe and T1 magnetic resonance imaging contrast agent. Adv. Mater. 21, 4467–4471. © 2009 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH. Other synthetic methods are solid and sol–gel reactions. In thermal decompo- sition methods in organic solvents, and often also in hydrothermal methods, surfactants are used to control the growth of the NPs. That permits a fine con- trol of the size and shape of the crystallites (Fig. 26). However, the resulting NPs are hydrophobic, and they need to be surface modified to make them water dispersible. Whereas the working temperature range of molecular thermometers is hardly reaching 373 K, that of upconversion thermometers covers a very widePDF Image | HANDBOOK ON THE PHYSICS AND CHEMISTRY OF RARE EARTHS
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