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Lanthanides in Luminescent Thermometry Chapter 281 391 FIG. 23 Application of multisensor NPs by thermogelating spray on a wound. The NPs are dis- persed in water with a thermogelating polymer, Poloxamer® 407. The dispersion is sprayed at a tem- perature below 297 K to remain fluid, and then is heated above this temperature to gelate. Sensing and imaging of the sensor can then be performed via ratiometric red–green–blue readout using a digital camera equipped with a blue or UV excitation light source. Adapted with permission from Wang, X., Meier, R.J., Schmittlein, C., Schreml, S., Scha€ferling, M., Wolfbeis, O.S. 2015b. A water-sprayable, thermogelating and biocompatible polymer host for use in fluorescent chemical sensing and imaging of oxygen, pH values and temperature. Sens. Actuators B: Chem. 221, 37–44. © 2015 Elsevier B.V. poly(vinylidene chloride-co-acrylonitrile) polymer NPs. The reference chro- mophore is the dpa blue emitter that is incorporated as a dopant in PAN microparticles. The use of polymers is quite suitable to make biocompatible nanotherm- ometers that can be used in biomedical applications. A good example was reported by Takei et al. (2014) in which the thermosensitive and the reference fluorophores are, respectively, a [Eu(tta)3] complex and Rh 101. Both emitters are embedded in PMMA NPs that were internalized in HeLa cells and observed by fluorescence microscope. An analysis of the fluorescence inten- sity yielded the temperature at each NP spot. This system was used to follow the effect of Ca2+ absorption in the cell. An increment of temperature was observed at certain spots that were associated to Ca2+ location in the cell, demonstrating that Ca2+ activity causes heat generation and the nanotherm- ometer can be employed to follow that heating on a single cell. An example that exploits the high versatility of lanthanide molecular ther- mometry can be found in Pin ̃ol et al. (2015). In this report, the thermometerPDF Image | HANDBOOK ON THE PHYSICS AND CHEMISTRY OF RARE EARTHS
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